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Energy Storage Stocks List

Compare 25 listed companies and funds with exposure to stationary energy storage, from battery manufacturing and system integration to project ownership and software. The list includes diversified groups, specialist suppliers and early commercial businesses.

25 CompaniesMarket data updated: September 7, 2026

At a glance

  • All 7 cell manufacturers on the list are domiciled in China or South Korea; the US-listed constituents sit in system integration, residential storage and software.
  • Tesla (TSLA) at $1,398B is the largest constituent, at 71% of the list’s combined market capitalization.

Companies in this list

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25 companies
Energy Storage Stocks — companies, segment and market capitalization in USD. Open a company profile for its complete description and sources.
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TSLANASDAQ 🇺🇸
BESS Integrator
BESS Integrator
$1,398B
Tesla
HQ: 🇺🇸 United States Segment: BESS Integrator
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Tesla, Inc. manufactures electric vehicles and supplies energy-generation and storage products. Its storage business includes Powerwall batteries for homes and Megapack systems for utility and large commercial projects, supported by controls and energy-management software such as Autobidder.

Tesla manufactures Megapack systems in California and Shanghai and is expanding its storage manufacturing operations. Its Energy Generation and Storage segment deployed 46.7 GWh of storage products in 2025.

Storage provides a substantial operating exposure within a larger company whose activities also include automotive manufacturing, vehicle services and solar energy.

NASDAQ

$1,398B

BESS Integrator

300750.SZSZSE 🇨🇳
Battery Manufacturer
Battery Manufacturer
$240B
CATL
HQ: 🇨🇳 China Segment: Battery Manufacturer
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Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited, known as CATL, manufactures batteries for electric vehicles and stationary energy storage. Its storage products range from cells and battery-management systems to integrated containerized systems in the TENER family. Customers include storage-system suppliers and developers buying integrated equipment.

The company reported approximately 121 GWh of battery sales for energy-storage applications in 2025. It has manufacturing operations in China and an expanding international production network. Its newer product program includes sodium-ion storage systems alongside established lithium-ion products.

CATL’s shares trade in Shenzhen and Hong Kong. Buying either share class provides exposure to the same group, including its substantial electric-vehicle battery business.

SZSE

$240B

Battery Manufacturer

1211.HKHKEX 🇨🇳
Battery Manufacturer
Battery Manufacturer
$98B
BYD Company
HQ: 🇨🇳 China Segment: Battery Manufacturer
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BYD Company Limited manufactures electric vehicles, batteries and related electronics. Its stationary-storage business supplies lithium iron phosphate cells and complete battery energy-storage systems, including products using Blade Battery technology. The group participates in cell production, pack assembly and system integration for stationary applications as well as vehicle manufacturing.

BYD sells storage equipment for utility and other stationary uses internationally. Vehicle manufacturing remains a central part of the listed group’s business, so its market value includes substantially more than energy storage. Its H shares trade in Hong Kong and its A shares in Shenzhen; the US over-the-counter ADR is another route to an interest in the same company.

HKEX

$98B

Battery Manufacturer

373220.KSKRX 🇰🇷
Battery Manufacturer
Battery Manufacturer
$63B
LG Energy Solution
HQ: 🇰🇷 South Korea Segment: Battery Manufacturer
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LG Energy Solution is a South Korean manufacturer of rechargeable batteries controlled by LG Chem. It supplies cells and battery systems for electric vehicles, consumer and mobility applications, and stationary energy storage. Its storage customers include companies building grid-scale, commercial and residential systems.

The company is expanding lithium iron phosphate production for stationary storage and adapting parts of its manufacturing network to that market.

LG Energy Solution also has substantial vehicle-battery operations.

KRX

$63B

Battery Manufacturer

5802.TTSE 🇯🇵
Long-Duration Storage
Long-Duration Storage
$45B
Sumitomo Electric
HQ: 🇯🇵 Japan Segment: Long-Duration Storage
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Sumitomo Electric Industries is a diversified Japanese manufacturer with businesses in automotive wiring, power cables, electronics and industrial materials. Its energy activities include vanadium redox flow batteries for stationary storage. These systems store energy in liquid electrolyte and can be configured for prolonged discharge and repeated cycling.

The company develops and supplies flow-battery equipment for utility and industrial projects in Japan and other markets. Storage is a comparatively small activity within the wider group; an investment in Sumitomo Electric also carries substantial exposure to its automotive and industrial operations.

TSE

$45B

Long-Duration Storage

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006400.KSKRX 🇰🇷
Battery Manufacturer
Battery Manufacturer
$32B
Samsung SDI
HQ: 🇰🇷 South Korea Segment: Battery Manufacturer
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Samsung SDI manufactures rechargeable batteries and electronic materials. Its batteries serve electric vehicles, consumer devices and stationary storage, including Samsung Battery Box systems. Energy storage is one business within a group also exposed to vehicle-battery demand and electronic-materials markets.

The company is developing lithium iron phosphate products for storage. In March 2026 it announced plans for US storage-battery production at the StarPlus Energy joint venture. Samsung SDI also develops larger cylindrical cells and solid-state battery technology.

The Korea Exchange security shown here is Samsung SDI’s common share. Its separately traded preferred shares require separate treatment when calculating total equity value.

KRX

$32B

Battery Manufacturer

300274.SZSZSE 🇨🇳
BESS Integrator
BESS Integrator
$27B
Sungrow
HQ: 🇨🇳 China Segment: BESS Integrator
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Sungrow Power Supply manufactures solar inverters, power-conversion equipment and battery energy-storage systems. Its PowerTitan platform combines batteries, power electronics, thermal management and controls for utility-scale projects. Separate products serve commercial, industrial and residential installations.

Sungrow sells equipment and integrated systems in China and international markets. This provides exposure to storage manufacturing and project delivery, alongside its established solar-inverter business.

The share shown here trades in Shenzhen under 300274.

SZSE

$27B

BESS Integrator

WRT1V.HENasdaq Helsinki 🇫🇮
BESS Integrator
BESS Integrator
$20B
Wärtsilä
HQ: 🇫🇮 Finland Segment: BESS Integrator
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Wärtsilä is a Finnish supplier of technology and services to marine and energy customers. Its activities include engines, power plants, lifecycle services and battery energy-storage systems. The storage business combines the Quantum equipment platform with GEMS control and optimization software.

In June 2026, Wärtsilä agreed to place its global energy-storage business into a joint venture with Germany’s RCT Solutions, with each partner to hold 50%. The agreement was subject to closing conditions. In its July 2026 half-year report, Wärtsilä classified the business as discontinued operations and held for sale.

Marine and other energy activities remain central to the listed group.

Nasdaq Helsinki

$20B

BESS Integrator

300014.SZSZSE 🇨🇳
Battery Manufacturer
Battery Manufacturer
$17B
EVE Energy
HQ: 🇨🇳 China Segment: Battery Manufacturer
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EVE Energy manufactures batteries for electric vehicles, stationary energy storage and other applications. Its storage portfolio includes large-format lithium iron phosphate cells and battery systems, while other parts of the group supply cylindrical and other battery formats.

The company operates manufacturing facilities in China and is expanding its international production network. It supplies equipment used in customer-owned storage projects, giving investors exposure to battery manufacturing and system supply. Vehicle and other battery markets also contribute to EVE’s business.

SZSE

$17B

Battery Manufacturer

GNRCNYSE 🇺🇸
Residential Storage
Residential Storage
$11B
Generac Holdings
HQ: 🇺🇸 United States Segment: Residential Storage
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Generac Holdings makes power-generation equipment, energy-storage systems and energy-management products for homes and businesses. Standby generators are a major part of the business. Residential storage products include the PWRcell battery system, while the company also supplies controls and services for distributed energy resources.

Generac reports Residential and Commercial & Industrial segments. Battery storage sits within a broader product portfolio, so group revenue and market value do not measure storage exposure alone. Generac completed its acquisition of generator-control and packaging supplier Enercon in the second quarter of 2026.

NYSE

$11B

Residential Storage

002074.SZSZSE 🇨🇳
Battery Manufacturer
Battery Manufacturer
$7.0B
Gotion High-Tech
HQ: 🇨🇳 China Segment: Battery Manufacturer
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Gotion High-Tech manufactures lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles and stationary energy storage. Its products include cells, modules, battery-management systems and storage systems, with lithium iron phosphate among its principal chemistries. Volkswagen is a strategic shareholder.

The group has manufacturing operations in China and is developing production partnerships and facilities abroad. These activities provide exposure to storage equipment as well as vehicle-battery demand.

SZSE

$7.0B

Battery Manufacturer

ENPHNASDAQ 🇺🇸
Residential Storage
Residential Storage
$4.8B
Enphase Energy
HQ: 🇺🇸 United States Segment: Residential Storage
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Enphase Energy supplies microinverter-based solar systems, home batteries and energy-management products. Its IQ Battery range complements the solar-inverter business, with software and controls coordinating household generation, storage and electricity use.

Enphase sells equipment through distribution and installer channels and manufactures through production partners, including US facilities.

Its storage business sits alongside a larger microinverter franchise, linking the company’s results to residential solar demand as well as battery adoption.

NASDAQ

$4.8B

Residential Storage

3931.HKHKEX 🇨🇳
Battery Manufacturer
Battery Manufacturer
$4.0B
CALB
HQ: 🇨🇳 China Segment: Battery Manufacturer
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CALB Group manufactures lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles and stationary storage. Its storage products include lithium iron phosphate cells and battery modules supplied to companies building energy-storage systems. Vehicle batteries are also a substantial part of the group’s activities.

The company operates production facilities in China and develops products for domestic and international customers. Its shares trade in Hong Kong under 3931.

HKEX

$4.0B

Battery Manufacturer

RUNNASDAQ 🇺🇸
Residential Storage
Residential Storage
$2.1B
Sunrun
HQ: 🇺🇸 United States Segment: Residential Storage
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Sunrun supplies residential solar and battery-storage systems in the United States. It installs systems, arranges financing and offers customer agreements under which it retains an interest in systems over time, alongside sales of equipment and services.

Batteries provide household backup and can participate in programs that coordinate many homes to support the grid.

The company provides downstream solar-and-storage exposure, with performance affected by installation volumes, financing terms and customer economics.

NASDAQ

$2.1B

Residential Storage

SEDGNASDAQ 🇮🇱
Storage Inverters / PCS
Storage Inverters / PCS
$2.1B
SolarEdge Technologies
HQ: 🇮🇱 Israel Segment: Storage Inverters / PCS
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SolarEdge Technologies supplies power optimizers, inverters, monitoring and energy-management products for solar installations. Its storage offering includes home batteries and equipment that coordinates solar generation, battery charging and electricity use.

The company serves residential and commercial markets through distributors and installers. It has wound down parts of its former battery-cell manufacturing operations while continuing to sell batteries and storage-related power electronics. Its business therefore combines solar and storage equipment rather than operating as a dedicated battery-cell manufacturer or a storage-asset owner.

NASDAQ

$2.1B

Storage Inverters / PCS

FLNCNASDAQ 🇺🇸
BESS Integrator
BESS Integrator
$1.5B
Fluence Energy
HQ: 🇺🇸 United States Segment: BESS Integrator
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Fluence Energy supplies utility-scale battery-storage systems, operational services and software for energy assets. Its equipment and controls integrate batteries with grid connections and operating software, while service contracts support systems after installation. The company originated from the storage activities of AES and Siemens and became publicly listed in 2021.

Its customers include utilities, developers and large electricity users.

The listed Class A shares sit within an ownership structure that also includes exchangeable interests in Fluence Energy, LLC.

NASDAQ

$1.5B

BESS Integrator

EOSENASDAQ 🇺🇸
Long-Duration Storage
Long-Duration Storage
$1.4B
Eos Energy Enterprises
HQ: 🇺🇸 United States Segment: Long-Duration Storage
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Eos Energy Enterprises manufactures zinc-based battery systems for multi-hour stationary storage. Its Znyth technology uses an aqueous electrolyte and is intended for utility, commercial and industrial applications. Its customers include utilities and project developers buying storage equipment.

The company is scaling production in Pennsylvania. In August 2026 it announced plans to consolidate battery manufacturing at its Thorn Hill facility. Commercial production at Thorn Hill began in June 2026.

Eos has generated commercial revenue but continues to incur substantial manufacturing losses.

NASDAQ

$1.4B

Long-Duration Storage

GRID.LLSE 🇬🇧
Listed Storage Fund
Listed Storage Fund
$788M
Gresham House Energy Storage Fund
HQ: 🇬🇧 United Kingdom Segment: Listed Storage Fund
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Gresham House Energy Storage Fund is a London-listed investment company investing in battery-storage assets in Great Britain. It holds project interests through portfolio companies and is managed by Gresham House. The fund is distinct from its investment manager.

Its batteries earn revenue from electricity trading, balancing and ancillary services, capacity arrangements and other contracts. The fund is expanding the role of contracted revenues alongside market-based income. At the end of 2025, it reported an operating portfolio of 1,072 MW and 1,701 MWh.

Shareholder returns depend on the assets’ operating performance, contract terms, financing and the price at which the fund’s shares trade relative to net asset value.

LSE

$788M

Listed Storage Fund

NRGVNYSE 🇺🇸
Storage Developer / IPP
Storage Developer / IPP
$698M
Energy Vault Holdings
HQ: 🇺🇸 United States Segment: Storage Developer / IPP
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Energy Vault Holdings supplies energy-storage systems and develops and owns energy infrastructure. Its activities include battery project delivery, control software and storage assets operated under customer contracts. It also develops gravity-based storage technology and hybrid power solutions.

The portfolio includes battery projects and the Calistoga resilience facility, which combines battery storage with hydrogen-based backup. The company’s pipeline includes projects at development and construction stages as well as operating assets.

In August 2026, Energy Vault announced a 1.25 GW data-center power agreement that includes generation equipment. This adds generation infrastructure to its storage activities.

NYSE

$698M

Storage Developer / IPP

GSF.LLSE 🇬🇧
Listed Storage Fund
Listed Storage Fund
$327M
Gore Street Energy Storage Fund
HQ: 🇬🇧 United Kingdom Segment: Listed Storage Fund
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Gore Street Energy Storage Fund is a London-listed investment company holding battery-storage project interests across Great Britain, Ireland, Germany, Texas and California. Its assets earn revenue from grid services, capacity arrangements and electricity trading.

At 31 March 2026, the fund reported 643.11 MW and 840.9 MWh of operational assets. Its wider portfolio also includes projects that are not yet operating.

The fund gives shareholders exposure to storage-project economics across several electricity markets. Its shares can trade above or below reported net asset value, and returns depend on operating availability, market revenues, contracts and financing.

LSE

$327M

Listed Storage Fund

SESNYSE 🇺🇸
BESS Integrator
BESS Integrator
$187M
SES AI
HQ: 🇺🇸 United States Segment: BESS Integrator
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SES AI Corporation develops battery technology, battery-management products and software for materials research. Its commercial activities include stationary-storage systems through Shenzhen UZ Energy, which it acquired in September 2025, as well as cells for drones and the Molecular Universe materials platform.

UZ Energy is a China-based storage-system manufacturer. Its revenue represented approximately 81% of SES’s consolidated revenue in the first half of 2026. SES does not report a separate stationary-storage revenue segment. SES also has research and production activities in the United States, China and South Korea.

SES’s Class A shares trade under SES on the NYSE. The company disclosed a share-price listing deficiency in July 2026; the notice did not itself suspend or delist the shares.

NYSE

$187M

BESS Integrator

IES.LAIM 🇬🇧
Long-Duration Storage
Long-Duration Storage
$168M
Invinity Energy Systems
HQ: 🇬🇧 United Kingdom Segment: Long-Duration Storage
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Invinity Energy Systems manufactures vanadium redox flow batteries for stationary energy storage. Its modular Endurium platform is designed for discharge durations of three to eighteen hours, depending on configuration. Energy is stored in liquid vanadium electrolyte, while cell stacks determine power output.

The company has manufacturing and assembly activities in the United Kingdom and Canada and supplies projects in multiple markets. It is scaling production as it commercializes Endurium.

The electrolyte can be rebalanced and reused, while pumps, stacks and other equipment require maintenance and eventual replacement.

AIM

$168M

Long-Duration Storage

LGONASDAQ 🇨🇦
Vanadium / Electrolyte Supplier
Vanadium / Electrolyte Supplier
$73M
Largo Inc.
HQ: 🇨🇦 Canada Segment: Vanadium / Electrolyte Supplier
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Largo Inc. produces vanadium and ilmenite from the Maracás Menchen mine in Brazil. Its principal business supplies materials used in steel and other industrial applications. The company is listed in Canada and the United States.

Its storage-related exposure includes an investment in Storion Energy, a US joint venture with Stryten Energy focused on vanadium electrolyte for flow batteries. Storion is a minority investment alongside Largo’s operating mining business.

Largo’s results remain closely linked to vanadium prices, mining performance and processing costs, with energy-storage demand providing an additional market for its materials.

NASDAQ

$73M

Vanadium / Electrolyte Supplier

STEMNYSE 🇺🇸
Grid Software
Grid Software
$54M
Stem Inc.
HQ: 🇺🇸 United States Segment: Grid Software
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Stem supplies software, controls and services for solar, battery-storage and hybrid energy assets. Its PowerTrack platform supports monitoring, analytics, plant control and storage optimization for asset owners and operators.

The assets monitored and controlled through its platform belong to customers. Its managed asset base includes substantial solar capacity alongside battery storage.

The company is shifting its revenue mix toward software and services while reducing battery-hardware resale. Some hardware sales remain, and the transition continues to affect revenue, costs and profitability.

NYSE

$54M

Grid Software

GWHNYSE 🇺🇸
Long-Duration Storage
Long-Duration Storage
$13M
ESS Tech
HQ: 🇺🇸 United States Segment: Long-Duration Storage
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ESS Tech develops stationary-storage technology, including iron-flow batteries and its newer Bridge sodium-ion system. Its iron-flow platform stores energy using an aqueous iron-based electrolyte. The company acquired intellectual property and assets from VoltStorage in February 2026 to support that technology program.

ESS remains at an early commercial stage, with substantial funding and production challenges. In August 2026, ESS announced a non-binding letter of intent for a proposed business combination; the announcement did not establish a completed merger.

The company has disclosed going-concern uncertainty and NYSE continued-listing deficiencies. Its GWH common shares and public warrants are separate securities and must be assessed separately.

NYSE

$13M

Long-Duration Storage
Currency conversion rates
FX rates — September 7, 2026: 🇨🇳 USDCNY 6.700  ·  🇪🇺 EURUSD 1.163  ·  🇬🇧 GBPUSD 1.354  ·  🇭🇰 USDHKD 7.839  ·  🇯🇵 USDJPY 154.3  ·  🇰🇷 USDKRW 1,345

Useful resources

Energy Storage Stocks — Investor FAQ

Storage demand grows when electricity systems need to move energy from periods of plentiful supply to periods of higher demand, provide backup or deliver fast grid services. Increasing wind and solar generation, electrification and new large electricity users can all increase the need for flexibility.

Lower battery-system costs have helped deployment. IRENA estimates that utility-scale battery-storage costs fell 93% between 2010 and 2024. That measure is different from battery-cell prices and from the full cost of providing electricity around the clock.

A useful storage project still needs sufficient revenue from price differences, contracts or grid services to cover charging, losses, degradation, financing and operating costs.

A battery manufacturer makes cells and may also assemble modules or packs. A battery energy-storage system integrator combines batteries with power conversion, thermal management, safety equipment, controls and project services. Some companies, including CATL and BYD, work at both stages.

Manufacturers depend on materials costs, manufacturing yields and factory utilization. Integrators also face project-delivery, warranty and supplier risks. Cheaper cells can reduce system input costs, but the benefit depends on contracts, inventory timing and how much of the saving is passed to customers.

China has a large domestic battery market and an extensive network of materials, cell and equipment suppliers. Production scale and the concentration of refining and component manufacturing reinforce that position.

Lithium iron phosphate is widely used in stationary storage, and its supply chain is particularly concentrated in China. The IEA estimates that it represented about 90% of the battery-storage market in 2025.

Manufacturers outside China are expanding local supply, including in North America. Factory location, ownership and component sourcing are separate considerations when assessing tariffs or eligibility for US incentives.

Long-duration energy storage supplies power over extended periods. Definitions depend on the program: the US Department of Energy commonly uses ten hours or more, while some California procurement programs include eight-hour resources.

Technologies include flow batteries, other battery chemistries, pumped hydro, compressed air and thermal storage. Lithium-ion batteries can also be configured for longer discharge.

Longer duration can help cover overnight or prolonged generation gaps. The most suitable technology depends on the required power, energy, cycle frequency, site and cost of financing, rather than a universal hour at which one technology becomes cheapest.

Energy storage stocks are shares in businesses involved in storing energy or supplying the equipment, software and services used to do so. Exposure can come through battery manufacturers, system suppliers, project owners, listed investment funds and software providers.

This list includes companies and funds with identifiable stationary-storage activities. It includes diversified groups and early commercial businesses, so inclusion does not imply that storage is the main source of revenue. Upstream materials exposure is identified separately where it comes through a storage-specific investment.

Investors can also use funds, but their holdings and revenue exposure may differ substantially from this list.

US incentives can affect both storage-project economics and battery manufacturing. Section 48E can support qualifying standalone energy-storage investment, while Section 45X provides production credits for eligible components manufactured in the United States. Section 45Y applies to qualifying electricity generation rather than storage alone.

Prohibited foreign entity rules impose ownership, control and material-assistance restrictions. Under IRS Notice 2026-15, relevant material-assistance cost ratios measure the share of specified costs not attributable to prohibited foreign entities and must meet the applicable minimum. Location alone does not establish eligibility.

Storage is excluded from the special accelerated termination rule for wind and solar projects, but remains subject to its own eligibility requirements and credit timetable.

Battery storage is part of the wider energy-storage sector. It includes lithium-ion, flow, zinc-based and other battery technologies. Energy storage also includes mechanical and thermal systems, such as pumped hydro and stored heat.

A company can supply both vehicle and stationary batteries. This list focuses on identifiable stationary-storage activities while making broader vehicle, solar or materials exposure clear in each company description.

EV battery stocks provide exposure to batteries used in vehicles. Stationary-storage stocks provide exposure to systems used at homes, businesses and electricity grids. Some manufacturers supply both markets.

Vehicle-battery demand depends on vehicle sales and automaker programs. Stationary demand depends on project economics, electricity-system needs, customer adoption and policy. Materials suppliers serve both and face commodity-price, mining, processing and downstream-demand risks.

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Key Terms
Full Glossary →

A battery energy-storage system combines batteries with equipment that controls charging and discharging, converts power, manages temperature and supports safe operation. It can serve a home, business or electricity grid. Power capacity is measured in kW or MW; stored energy is measured in kWh or MWh. These measures describe different capabilities.
Lithium iron phosphate is a lithium-ion battery cathode chemistry using lithium, iron and phosphate. It avoids nickel and cobalt in the cathode and is widely used in stationary storage. Performance depends on cell design, temperature, charging rate and depth of discharge. A quoted cycle life is meaningful only with the test conditions and remaining-capacity threshold.
A power conversion system converts electricity between the battery’s direct current and the alternating current used by the grid. A bidirectional system charges and discharges the battery. Its power rating is one limit on system output; battery, thermal, transformer and grid-connection limits also matter. Converter efficiency is only one part of full-system energy losses.
A vanadium redox flow battery stores energy in liquid electrolytes containing vanadium in different oxidation states. Pumps circulate the electrolyte through cell stacks. Electrolyte volume largely determines energy capacity, while stack size determines power. The electrolyte can be rebalanced and reused, but stacks, pumps and other components require maintenance and replacement.
Storage duration is the time a system can discharge at a specified power. A system with 400 MWh of usable energy supplying 100 MW can discharge for four hours, assuming both figures are measured at the same delivery point. Actual duration depends on usable energy, operating limits, losses and the power requested.
Round-trip efficiency is the energy delivered during discharge divided by the energy used to charge the system over a complete cycle. Returning 90 MWh after consuming 100 MWh gives 90% efficiency. Comparisons should use the same measurement point and state whether transformers, cooling, pumps and other auxiliary loads are included.
Foreign entity of concern and prohibited foreign entity are legal terms used in different US incentive rules. Applicable restrictions can depend on ownership, control and material assistance. IRS Notice 2026-15 sets out material-assistance cost-ratio methods for relevant credits. These ratios measure specified non-PFE costs as a share of total relevant costs and must meet the applicable minimum; a factory’s location alone does not establish eligibility.
Megapack is Tesla’s battery-storage product for utility and large commercial applications. It combines battery modules with power electronics, thermal management and controls and can be deployed in groups at larger sites. Product capacity varies by generation and configuration. Tesla’s reported total storage deployments also include other products, including Powerwall.
Levelized cost of storage estimates the cost per unit of electricity discharged over a project’s life. It divides discounted lifecycle costs by discounted discharged energy. The calculation should state its treatment of charging electricity, financing, operation, maintenance, replacement, augmentation and residual value. Results depend on duration, cycling and the assumptions used, so different models are not automatically comparable.
Cycle life is the number of charge-discharge cycles a battery completes before reaching a specified performance threshold under stated test conditions. Calendar aging also affects performance. State of health estimates the battery’s condition relative to its original state, using measures such as available capacity, resistance and power capability. Test conditions and the chosen end-of-life threshold are essential when comparing products.
Purified phosphoric acid supplies phosphorus for lithium iron phosphate cathode materials. Battery-grade material must meet purity requirements beyond those of ordinary fertilizer products. Phosphate-rock reserves, acid-production capacity and battery-grade output measure different stages of the supply chain; a country with large rock reserves need not have a large battery-material industry.

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