Nickel Stocks

Nickel is a critical input for high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries powering electric vehicles and grid-scale energy storage.

This list covers the full investment universe — from major producers to developers — across sulphide and laterite projects worldwide, plus Indonesian-listed operators and royalty vehicles.

Market caps are updated monthly. Click any row to expand a full company overview.

Updated: May 2026
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Company Ticker Mkt Cap ▼ Domicile Resource Country Project Phase Listing Segment
Glencore
GLEN.L $89.66B Switzerland 🇨🇦 Canada 🇦🇺 Australia 🇳🇴 Norway Production 🇬🇧 LSE Diversified Major

Glencore

Domicile: Switzerland Segment: Diversified Major Phase: Production Country: 🇨🇦 Canada 🇦🇺 Australia 🇳🇴 Norway

Glencore is one of the world's largest diversified mining and commodity trading houses, with nickel among its key metals alongside copper, cobalt, and coal. Its nickel operations span Canada (Sudbury Integrated Nickel Operations and Raglan in Québec), Australia (Murrin Murrin HPAL, one of only five global nickel briquette producers), and Norway (Nikkelverk refinery). Full-year 2025 own-sourced nickel production came in at ~71,900 tonnes, with Q4 recovering strongly after a Sudbury furnace disruption. Koniambo in New Caledonia was placed into care and maintenance in early 2024. Glencore's trading arm remains one of the world's largest marketers of refined nickel.

🇬🇧 LSE

$89.66B

Diversified Major

Murrin Murrin (Australia) — 100% owned
Vale
VALE3.SA $70.42B 🇧🇷 Brazil 🇨🇦 Canada 🇧🇷 Brazil 🇮🇩 Indonesia Production 🇧🇷 Brazil Diversified Major

Vale

Domicile: 🇧🇷 Brazil Segment: Diversified Major Phase: Production Country: 🇨🇦 Canada 🇧🇷 Brazil 🇮🇩 Indonesia

Vale is one of the world's largest diversified miners, with iron ore as its core business and nickel as its most strategically significant secondary commodity for energy transition investors. Its nickel portfolio spans Canada (Sudbury integrated operations and Voisey's Bay underground mines), Brazil (Onça Puma ferronickel smelter), and Indonesia via listed subsidiary PT Vale Indonesia, in which Vale retains an 80% offtake agreement. In FY2025 Q4, Vale produced 46.2kt of nickel, with Onça Puma delivering a record quarter. Vale's nickel business has repositioned significantly toward battery supply chains, with Sudbury recently recording its strongest ore output since 2016.

🇧🇷 Brazil

$70.42B

Diversified Major

Voisey's Bay (Canada) — 100% owned
Sumitomo Metal Mining
5713.T $17.51B 🇯🇵 Japan 🇵🇭 Philippines Production 🇯🇵 TYO Integrated Producer

Sumitomo Metal Mining

Domicile: 🇯🇵 Japan Segment: Integrated Producer Phase: Production Country: 🇵🇭 Philippines

Sumitomo Metal Mining is a Tokyo-listed diversified metals company and one of the world's most technically sophisticated nickel producers, with a focus on HPAL technology and battery supply chain integration. Its nickel operations are anchored in the Philippines: Coral Bay Nickel (100% owned following acquisition of Nickel Asia's stake in early 2025) and Taganito HPAL (75% SMM). Both plants produce mixed sulphides shipped to Japanese refineries for conversion to Class 1 nickel and cobalt. SMM is also the co-funder of the Ardea Resources Kalgoorlie Nickel Project DFS. SMM is among the few non-Chinese companies with an end-to-end HPAL-to-refinery nickel supply chain at commercial scale.

🇯🇵 TYO

$17.51B

Integrated Producer

Coral Bay Nickel (Philippines) — 100% owned
IGO Limited
IGO.AX $4.61B 🇦🇺 Australia 🇦🇺 Australia Production 🇦🇺 ASX Sulphide Producer

IGO Limited

Domicile: 🇦🇺 Australia Segment: Sulphide Producer Phase: Production Country: 🇦🇺 Australia

IGO is an ASX-listed critical minerals company with a dual focus on nickel and lithium. Its nickel business centres on Nova, a high-grade underground nickel-copper-cobalt sulphide mine in Western Australia's Great Western Woodlands (100% owned), in its final phase of mine life with production guidance of 15,000–18,000 tonnes of nickel through December 2026. H1 FY2026 delivered improved EBITDA (up 15%) and lower cash costs (~A$5.62/lb). Forrestania reached end of mine life in September 2024 and has been sold; Cosmos remains on care and maintenance. IGO's lithium exposure comes via a 49% stake in TLEA, which holds a 51% interest in the world-class Greenbushes lithium mine.

🇦🇺 ASX

$4.61B

Sulphide Producer

Nova nickel-copper-cobalt operation (Australia) — 100% owned
Harita Nickel
NCKL.JK $3.60B 🇮🇩 Indonesia 🇮🇩 Indonesia Production 🇮🇩 IDX Indonesian Producer

Harita Nickel

Domicile: 🇮🇩 Indonesia Segment: Indonesian Producer Phase: Production Country: 🇮🇩 Indonesia

Harita Nickel is an Indonesia Stock Exchange-listed company and one of the country's most vertically integrated nickel producers, built on Obi Island in North Maluku. It operates two RKEF smelters (~120,000 tpa combined capacity), two HPAL plants producing MHP and downstream products (PT Obi Nickel Cobalt at full commercial capacity since August 2024), and a developing third RKEF associate targeting up to 185,000 tpa capacity by early 2026. Harita also produces nickel sulphate and electrolytic cobalt — the broadest downstream product suite of any Indonesian-listed nickel company. Q1 2025 net profit rose 19.4% year-on-year despite the lowest nickel prices since 2020.

🇮🇩 IDX

$3.60B

Indonesian Producer

Obi Island (Indonesia)
Nickel Industries Ltd
NIC.AX $3.23B 🇦🇺 Australia 🇮🇩 Indonesia Production 🇦🇺 ASX Indonesian Producer

Nickel Industries Ltd

Domicile: 🇦🇺 Australia Segment: Indonesian Producer Phase: Production Country: 🇮🇩 Indonesia

Nickel Industries is an ASX-listed company with one of the most extensive nickel processing portfolios of any Western-listed company, built entirely in Indonesia. Its core operations comprise four RKEF lines (Hengjaya, Ranger, Oracle, and Angel Nickel) with combined nameplate capacity of ~120,000 tpa of nickel in NPI/matte, plus a 10% stake in the Huayue Nickel Cobalt HPAL project. The Excelsior Nickel Cobalt (ENC) HPAL project (44% interest) is commissioning through early 2026, targeting 67,000 tpa of nickel equivalent capacity — the only HPAL globally designed to simultaneously produce Class 1 nickel, MHP, and nickel sulphate. The company delivered ~US$87M in Adjusted EBITDA in Q3 2025, maintaining profitability through the nickel price downturn.

🇦🇺 ASX

$3.23B

Indonesian Producer

Hengjaya Mine (Indonesia) — 80% owned
Eramet Group
ERA.PA $1.86B France 🇮🇩 Indonesia New Caledonia Production EPA Integrated Producer

Eramet Group

Domicile: France Segment: Integrated Producer Phase: Production Country: 🇮🇩 Indonesia New Caledonia

Eramet is a Paris-listed diversified mining group whose nickel business spans two geographies. In Indonesia, Eramet holds a ~38.7% indirect stake in PT Weda Bay Nickel — the world's largest nickel mine by volume — which sold 30.3 million wet metric tonnes of ore in 2024. In New Caledonia, legacy subsidiary SLN has been in deep financial difficulty, with the French State having converted SLN's debt into quasi-equity instruments totalling ~€655M. Eramet's most visible near-term growth is in lithium and manganese, while Weda Bay ore volumes remain the primary valuation driver for nickel investors.

EPA

$1.86B

Integrated Producer

PT Weda Bay Nickel (Indonesia) — 38.7% owned
Nickel Asia Corporation
NIKL.PS $1.39B 🇵🇭 Philippines 🇵🇭 Philippines Production 🇵🇭 Philippines Laterite Producer

Nickel Asia Corporation

Domicile: 🇵🇭 Philippines Segment: Laterite Producer Phase: Production Country: 🇵🇭 Philippines

Nickel Asia Corporation is the Philippines' largest nickel ore producer, listed on the Philippine Stock Exchange, with six operating mines. In 2025, attributable net income tripled to ₱6.27 billion (up 312% year-on-year) driven by a 9% increase in ore volumes to 18.56 million WMT and a 28% surge in weighted average ore prices, as Indonesian supply restrictions redirected demand toward Philippine ore. The company divested its 15.625% stake in Coral Bay to Sumitomo in early 2025, retaining a 10% stake in Taganito. Nickel Asia is also diversifying into renewable energy through Emerging Power Inc. (172 MW capacity).

🇵🇭 Philippines

$1.39B

Laterite Producer

Rio Tuba (Philippines) — 60% owned
Talon Metals
TLO.TO $731M 🇨🇦 Canada 🇺🇸 United States Production 🇨🇦 TSX Sulphide Producer

Talon Metals

Domicile: 🇨🇦 Canada Segment: Sulphide Producer Phase: Production Country: 🇺🇸 United States

Talon Metals is a TSX-listed company that completed the acquisition of Lundin Mining's Eagle Mine and Humboldt Mill in Michigan's Upper Peninsula in January 2026 — the only operating primary nickel mine in the United States. Its portfolio spans: Eagle Mine (100%, producing), Tamarack Nickel-Copper-Cobalt Project in Minnesota (51% JV with Rio Tinto, 8.6Mt at 1.73% Ni indicated), and over 400,000 acres of exploration tenure in Michigan. Talon holds a DOE-backed US$114.8M grant for a Battery Minerals Processing Facility in North Dakota. Lundin Mining retains a ~19.86% stake in Talon following the share-based transaction.

🇨🇦 TSX

$731M

Sulphide Producer

Eagle Mine (United States) — 100% owned
Magna Mining
NICU.V $452M 🇨🇦 Canada 🇨🇦 Canada Development 🇨🇦 TSXV Sulphide Developer

Magna Mining

Domicile: 🇨🇦 Canada Segment: Sulphide Developer Phase: Development Country: 🇨🇦 Canada

Magna Mining is a TSX-Venture-listed developer focused on building a near-term nickel-copper producer in the Sudbury Basin of Ontario. Its portfolio centres on the Shakespeare Nickel-Copper-PGM project (100%, Feasibility Study complete) and the Crean Hill mine (100%), a past-producing underground nickel-copper-cobalt mine acquired from Glencore in 2023. The Sudbury location provides direct access to Vale's Copper Cliff smelter under a tolling arrangement, significantly de-risking the processing pathway. Magna's strategy is to become an intermediate nickel-copper producer in a jurisdiction benefiting from renewed Western supply chain interest.

🇨🇦 TSXV

$452M

Sulphide Developer

Shakespeare Nickel-Copper-PGM project (Canada) — 100% owned
Lifezone Metals
LZM $446M Isle of Man 🇹🇿 Tanzania Development 🇺🇸 NYSE/NASDAQ Sulphide Developer

Lifezone Metals

Domicile: Isle of Man Segment: Sulphide Developer Phase: Development Country: 🇹🇿 Tanzania

Lifezone Metals is a NYSE-listed company developing the Kabanga Nickel Project in northwestern Tanzania — one of the world's largest and highest-grade undeveloped nickel sulphide deposits (~58Mt at ~2.6% Ni), in partnership with the Government of Tanzania. Lifezone's proprietary Hydromet technology is a low-temperature, low-pressure leaching process designed to produce battery-grade nickel, cobalt, and copper directly at or near the mine site, bypassing conventional smelting. BHP's involvement provides both technical credibility and financial support. Lifezone also explores licensing Hydromet technology to third parties. The company listed on the NYSE via a SPAC merger in 2023.

🇺🇸 NYSE/NASDAQ

$446M

Sulphide Developer

Kabanga Nickel (Tanzania) — 84% owned
Chalice Mining
CHN.AX $430M 🇦🇺 Australia 🇦🇺 Australia Development 🇦🇺 ASX Sulphide Developer

Chalice Mining

Domicile: 🇦🇺 Australia Segment: Sulphide Developer Phase: Development Country: 🇦🇺 Australia

Chalice Mining is an ASX-listed explorer-developer with one of the most significant new mineral discoveries in Australia in recent decades. Its flagship Gonneville PGE-Ni-Cu discovery in the Julimar region of Western Australia — found in 2020 — hosts a resource of ~10 million tonnes of contained nickel equivalent across palladium, platinum, nickel, copper, and cobalt. The deposit is notable for its shallow, large-scale nature and amenability to conventional open-pit and flotation processing. Chalice released a Preliminary Feasibility Study in 2024 and is progressing toward a Definitive Feasibility Study. PGEs are the dominant value driver, with nickel as a significant contributor, making this a rare large-scale Western PGE-nickel-copper asset in a tier-one jurisdiction.

🇦🇺 ASX

$430M

Sulphide Developer

Gonneville PGE-Ni-Cu-Co deposit (Australia) — 100% owned
Canada Nickel Co
CNC.V $298M 🇨🇦 Canada 🇨🇦 Canada Development 🇨🇦 TSXV Sulphide Developer

Canada Nickel Co

Domicile: 🇨🇦 Canada Segment: Sulphide Developer Phase: Development Country: 🇨🇦 Canada

Canada Nickel Company is a TSX-Venture-listed developer advancing the Crawford Nickel-Cobalt Sulphide Project near Timmins, Ontario — one of the largest new nickel sulphide discoveries globally, with a resource exceeding 1.2 billion tonnes and over 4 million tonnes of contained nickel. Crawford is notable for its scale and naturally occurring serpentinite host rock, which has the potential to permanently sequester significant volumes of CO₂, offering a pathway to carbon-neutral or carbon-negative nickel production. Vale has made a strategic equity investment in the company. Canada Nickel has proposed a CAD$1B+ nickel processing facility in Ontario — NetZero Metals — to refine Crawford ore into battery-grade nickel sulphate.

🇨🇦 TSXV

$298M

Sulphide Developer

Crawford Nickel-Cobalt Sulphide Project (Canada) — 100% owned
Centaurus Metals
CTM.AX $273M 🇦🇺 Australia 🇧🇷 Brazil Development 🇦🇺 ASX Sulphide Developer

Centaurus Metals

Domicile: 🇦🇺 Australia Segment: Sulphide Developer Phase: Development Country: 🇧🇷 Brazil

Centaurus Metals is an ASX-listed developer focused exclusively on the Jaguar Nickel Sulphide Project in the Carajás Mineral Province of northern Brazil. Jaguar hosts a global resource of 109.2Mt at 0.87% Ni (948,900 tonnes contained nickel). A full Feasibility Study was completed in July 2024 and updated in May 2025: updated ore reserve of 52Mt at 0.78% Ni, 15-year open pit mine life, average annual production of ~22,600 tpa over the first seven years, first-quartile C1 cash cost of US$2.67/lb, and pre-production capex of US$380M. An Installation Licence was granted in March 2025. Strategic partnering and financing are the current critical path to a Final Investment Decision.

🇦🇺 ASX

$273M

Sulphide Developer

Jaguar Nickel Sulphide Project (Brazil) — 100% owned
FPX Nickel
FPX.V $115M 🇨🇦 Canada 🇨🇦 Canada Development 🇨🇦 TSXV Sulphide Developer

FPX Nickel

Domicile: 🇨🇦 Canada Segment: Sulphide Developer Phase: Development Country: 🇨🇦 Canada

FPX Nickel is a TSX-Venture-listed developer with a wholly distinct deposit type: awaruite, a naturally occurring nickel-iron alloy (Ni₃Fe) hosted in an ultramafic ophiolite complex in central British Columbia. The Baptiste Nickel Project — the most advanced awaruite deposit globally — has completed a 2023 Pre-Feasibility Study, with a Feasibility Study and Environmental Assessment underway following MYAB drilling programs in summer 2025. The absence of sulphur in awaruite means no roasting or acid leaching is required; concentrate can be refined directly to battery-grade nickel sulphate, with significantly lower carbon intensity than conventional processing routes. NRCan awarded C$3.5M in non-repayable funding in September 2025, and Baptiste is the first project in BC's new Critical Minerals Office concierge programme.

🇨🇦 TSXV

$115M

Sulphide Developer

Baptiste Nickel Project (Canada) — 100% owned
Ardea Resources Ltd
ARL.AX $100M 🇦🇺 Australia 🇦🇺 Australia Development 🇦🇺 ASX Laterite Developer

Ardea Resources Ltd

Domicile: 🇦🇺 Australia Segment: Laterite Developer Phase: Development Country: 🇦🇺 Australia

Ardea Resources is an ASX-listed nickel-cobalt developer advancing the Kalgoorlie Nickel Project (KNP) in Western Australia — Australia's largest nickel-cobalt resource and one of the top 10 globally (854Mt at 0.71% Ni, 0.045% Co). The Goongarrie Hub is progressing through a fully-funded A$98.5M Definitive Feasibility Study with Sumitomo Metal Mining and Mitsubishi Corporation, who are earning into a 50% interest upon FID. The DFS uses a simplified HPAL-only flowsheet producing Mixed Sulphide Precipitate and is targeted for completion in H1 2026. Conditional financing support from Export Finance Australia and US EXIM Bank totals approximately A$1 billion. The project holds Major Project Status through October 2028.

🇦🇺 ASX

$100M

Laterite Developer

Kalgoorlie Nickel Project (Australia) — 50% owned
Nickel 28 Capital
NKL.V $79M 🇨🇦 Canada 🇵🇬 Papua New Guinea Production 🇨🇦 TSXV Royalty/Streaming

Nickel 28 Capital

Domicile: 🇨🇦 Canada Segment: Royalty/Streaming Phase: Production Country: 🇵🇬 Papua New Guinea

Nickel 28 Capital is a TSX-Venture-listed battery metals royalty and streaming company whose primary asset is an 8.56% joint-venture interest in the Ramu Nickel-Cobalt Operation in Papua New Guinea (operated by MCC). Ramu is a long-life, first-quartile cost HPAL operation producing MHP at a cash cost of approximately US$3.07/lb in Q3 2025. Attributable production in Q3 2025 was 9,242 tonnes of contained nickel — up 34% year-on-year. Nickel 28 also manages ten NSR royalties on nickel and cobalt projects in Canada, Australia, and Papua New Guinea, including royalties on the Dumont and Turnagain projects. Upon repayment of partner loans, Nickel 28's Ramu interest will step up to 11.3%.

🇨🇦 TSXV

$79M

Royalty/Streaming

Ramu Nickel-Cobalt Operation (PNG) — 8.56% owned
Sherritt International
S.TO $56M 🇨🇦 Canada Cuba Production 🇨🇦 TSX Integrated Producer

Sherritt International

Domicile: 🇨🇦 Canada Segment: Integrated Producer Phase: Production Country: Cuba

Sherritt International is a TSX-listed nickel-cobalt producer primarily through its 50% stake in the Moa Joint Venture in Cuba — one of the few operating HPAL facilities in the Western hemisphere outside Australia, with the other 50% held by the Cuban government. The Moa JV produces mixed sulphides (~33,000 tonnes nickel and ~3,300 tonnes cobalt per year at nameplate), shipped to Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta, where Sherritt's refinery converts them into finished nickel and cobalt rounds. The company faces persistent headwinds from US sanctions on Cuba that limit capital market access and complicate banking relationships, and has undergone multiple debt restructurings.

🇨🇦 TSX

$56M

Integrated Producer

Moa mine (Cuba) — 50%
Disclaimer: This list is for informational and educational purposes only and does not constitute investment advice. Market capitalisation figures are updated monthly and may not reflect real-time prices. Green Stocks Research has no financial relationship with any companies listed. Always conduct your own due diligence before making any investment decisions.

Nickel Stocks — Investor FAQ

Nickel is a key component of the cathode in the two highest energy-density lithium-ion battery chemistries used in electric vehicles: NMC (nickel-manganese-cobalt) and NCA (nickel-cobalt-aluminium). In these chemistries, nickel is the primary active material — typically 60–80% of the cathode by weight in high-nickel formulations — and higher nickel content translates to greater energy density and longer range. The demand outlook has become more complex than the simple "more EVs = more nickel" equation. The rapid adoption of LFP battery chemistry — which contains no nickel at all — particularly in China, has meaningfully diluted nickel's share of EV battery demand. Long-range premium vehicles continue to favour high-nickel NMC or NCA. The balance between LFP and NMC/NCA adoption is the most important swing factor in long-term nickel demand modelling.
Indonesia's rise from supplying roughly 30% of global nickel a decade ago to approximately 60% today is the defining structural shift in the nickel market. The country's 2020 ban on raw ore exports, combined with Chinese-backed investment in domestic processing, produced an integrated supply chain spanning ore mining, RKEF smelting, HPAL MHP production, and Class 1 refining. Indonesian production costs are low and margins at integrated operations have remained resilient even as LME prices fell to levels at which most Western and Australian producers are loss-making. This created a bifurcated opportunity set: companies with Indonesian exposure (Nickel Industries, Harita Nickel, Nickel Asia) demonstrated relative resilience through the downturn, but carry geopolitical, ESG, and regulatory concentration risks. Western sulphide developers offer strategic optionality for a recovery scenario but face longer timelines and uncertain economics in a prolonged low-price environment.
Nickel occurs in two fundamentally different geological settings. Sulphide deposits form when nickel-bearing magma intrudes and crystallises in the earth's crust; they tend to be higher-grade and can be processed via conventional flotation and smelting to produce nickel concentrate, matte, and ultimately Class 1 metal — a relatively well-established, capital-efficient route with a lower carbon footprint. Laterite deposits are formed by surface weathering of ultramafic rocks in tropical climates; they are typically large, lower-grade, and close to the surface. Limonite laterites are processed via HPAL to produce intermediates like MHP; saprolite laterites are processed via RKEF into ferronickel or NPI. For energy transition investors, sulphide deposits offer a more direct, lower-cost, lower-carbon pathway to battery-grade nickel — but high-quality new sulphide discoveries are scarce.
Class 1 nickel refers to products with a purity of at least 99.8% — primarily cathode, briquettes, and powder — that are deliverable against the LME contract. Class 2 nickel covers lower-purity products, principally NPI and ferronickel, used almost exclusively in stainless steel production. Class 2 products trade at a discount to LME and have no terminal market. HPAL technology has made it possible to produce MHP from laterite ore — an intermediate that can be refined into battery-grade nickel sulphate, bridging the two classes. Meanwhile, Chinese smelters demonstrated that NPI can be converted to nickel matte and onward to nickel sulphate, though this is costly and carbon-intensive. The result is a more interconnected market in which LME pricing increasingly reflects Indonesian Class 2 economics, squeezing the margins of traditional Class 1 Western producers.
BHP suspended its Western Australia Nickel division — comprising the Nickel West operations and the West Musgrave project — in October 2024 in response to sustained global nickel oversupply driven by Indonesian production. BHP took total impairments of approximately US$5.4 billion against Western Australia Nickel and invested roughly A$450 million per year during the suspension to preserve optionality for a potential restart. The company has flagged a formal review of the suspension decision by February 2027, with resumption dependent on a meaningful recovery in nickel prices. For energy transition investors, BHP's nickel narrative has effectively paused; its near-term investment case rests on copper and iron ore.

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Key Terms
Full Glossary →

Nickel products with a purity of 99.8% or greater, including cathode, briquettes, and powder. Class 1 nickel is deliverable against the London Metal Exchange (LME) contract, making it the product that determines the global benchmark price. It can be used in high-grade alloys, electroplating, and — when dissolved and processed — as a feedstock for battery-grade nickel sulphate. Refined nickel from conventional sulphide smelting and refining is Class 1, as is nickel cathode produced by electrowinning from HPAL solutions. The LME price is the standard reference point for nickel contracts across the supply chain, though most Indonesian nickel products (NPI, MHP) trade at discounts to LME on a contained-nickel basis.
Nickel pig iron (NPI) and ferronickel are lower-purity nickel products — typically 10–15% nickel for NPI and 20–40% for ferronickel — produced by smelting laterite ore in blast furnaces or rotary kiln electric furnaces (RKEF). Both products are used almost exclusively in stainless steel production. Indonesia's RKEF buildout has made NPI the world's dominant source of new nickel supply. NPI and ferronickel are Class 2 products: they trade at a discount to LME on a per-tonne-of-contained-nickel basis, and they have no terminal market (unlike Class 1 products, they cannot be delivered to an exchange). For investors, exposure to Class 2 nickel means exposure primarily to stainless steel demand rather than battery demand.
An intermediate nickel-cobalt product, typically containing around 35–45% nickel and 2–5% cobalt by weight, produced by precipitating dissolved metals from the leach solution in an HPAL plant. MHP has become the dominant intermediate product from Indonesian HPAL operations and is prized by battery manufacturers as a feedstock for producing nickel sulphate and cobalt sulphate for NMC cathode. It trades at a discount to LME but the discount has narrowed considerably as battery cathode producers have demonstrated they can process MHP directly. Investors should distinguish between companies producing MHP (battery supply chain exposure) and those producing NPI or ferronickel (stainless steel exposure), as the two products have meaningfully different demand drivers and price dynamics.
The dominant processing route for saprolite laterite ore, used to produce ferronickel and NPI. In an RKEF, ore is first dried and pre-reduced in a rotary kiln, then smelted in an electric arc furnace to separate nickel-bearing metal from slag. The technology is proven, scalable, and relatively fast to commission — characteristics that drove its rapid adoption across Indonesia. However, RKEF is highly energy-intensive, generating significantly more CO₂ per tonne of nickel than HPAL or conventional sulphide processing. As ESG scrutiny of battery supply chains increases and automakers impose carbon standards on cathode inputs, the carbon intensity of RKEF-derived nickel is an emerging commercial risk.
The battery-ready form of nickel — a blue crystalline salt (NiSO₄) used as the direct input for manufacturing NMC and NCA battery cathode precursors (pCAM and CAM). Nickel sulphate is produced by dissolving high-purity nickel feedstocks — Class 1 metal, MHP, MSP, or nickel matte — in sulphuric acid. It requires high-purity inputs, as impurities can degrade battery performance. The expansion of Chinese and Indonesian HPAL capacity producing MHP has substantially increased the available feedstock for nickel sulphate production. For investors, a project's ability to produce or supply battery-grade feedstocks is the key determinant of whether it participates in battery demand growth or remains tied to the stainless steel cycle.
**Production / Development / Feasibility / Exploration.** The development stage of a mining project. Production is operating and generating revenue; Development is past feasibility and constructing; Feasibility is between PEA/PFS/DFS economic studies; Exploration is pre-resource-defined drilling. The phase materially affects risk and cost of capital.

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