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Solar Stocks List

Use this solar stocks list to compare 49 solar energy stocks across the full photovoltaic value chain, from polysilicon, wafer, cell and module manufacturers to inverter and tracker suppliers, EPC contractors, project developers, and diversified utilities with major solar portfolios.

49 CompaniesCombined Mkt Cap: $396BMarket data updated: September 22, 2026

At a glance

  • A full photovoltaic value-chain map: polysilicon and wafers, cells and modules, solar glass, inverters, trackers and eBOS, through to EPC contractors, developers and operating assets.
  • The current roster includes eleven inverter/MLPE companies, eleven module manufacturers, fourteen renewable IPPs and three tracker specialists; companies may count in more than one segment.
  • Manufacturing exposure extends beyond modules: three polysilicon, three wafer and two solar-glass companies sit alongside four solar-cell specialists.
  • The US and China are the two main listing hubs, with 21 China-listed and 21 US-listed companies; European listings add downstream developer and asset-owner exposure.

Companies in this list

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49 companies
Solar Stocks — companies, segment and market capitalization in USD. Open a company profile for its complete description and sources.
Company Segment Expand

NEENYSE 🇺🇸
Renewable IPP Diversified Power
Renewable IPP Diversified Power
$165B
NextEra Energy
HQ: 🇺🇸 United States Segment: Renewable IPP Diversified Power
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NextEra Energy owns Florida Power & Light, a regulated Florida utility, and NextEra Energy Resources (NEER), which develops and operates renewable generation, storage and other energy infrastructure across the US. As of 31 December 2025, NEER operated photovoltaic and solar-thermal facilities in 35 US states totaling approximately 12.8 GW of gross capacity and 10.5 GW of net capacity, essentially all of it contracted. FPL continues to add solar and storage under its regulated generation plan, and solar sits within a wider NEER portfolio that includes wind, nuclear and natural-gas generation. NextEra’s proposed combination with Dominion Energy, announced in July 2026, remains subject to regulatory approvals and other closing conditions.

NYSE

$165B

Renewable IPP Diversified Power

300274.SZSZSE 🇨🇳
Inverters
Inverters
$27B
Sungrow
HQ: 🇨🇳 China Segment: Inverters
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Sungrow Power Supply is a major global PV-inverter supplier; S&P Global ranked it first in 2025 global inverter shipments, and it topped BloombergNEF’s 2026 bankability survey with a 100% score, its sixth time at the top of the inverter group. Energy storage became its largest segment in FY2025, contributing CNY 37.3 billion of revenue — about 42% of the total — at a 36.5% gross margin, ahead of CNY 31.1 billion from solar inverters and related power-conversion equipment. A project-development arm that builds and transfers utility-scale plants on a DBT or EPC basis added CNY 16.6 billion, down about a fifth after China’s shift to market-based power pricing. The Shenzhen-listed company earned roughly 60% of FY2025 revenue overseas; Q1 2026 revenue and profit declined year on year.

SZSE

$27B

Inverters

FSLRNASDAQ 🇺🇸
Module Manufacturer
Module Manufacturer
$22B
First Solar
HQ: 🇺🇸 United States Segment: Module Manufacturer
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First Solar is a US-headquartered manufacturer of cadmium telluride (CdTe) thin-film solar modules, using a fully integrated continuous process supported by its Ohio and California R&D facilities. Its manufacturing footprint includes five operating US plants, a sixth facility under construction in South Carolina and additional capacity in Vietnam, Malaysia and India, targeting roughly 18 GW of US nameplate capacity by 2027. First Solar recognized $1.6 billion of Section 45X advanced-manufacturing tax credits in 2025. Contracted backlog stood at 45.1 GW worth $13.6 billion at 30 June 2026, with deliveries scheduled through 2030, and cumulative module sales passed 100 GW in Q2 2026. OBBBA’s prohibited-foreign-entity rules can affect the relative eligibility and sourcing economics of US-made modules; actual eligibility depends on project timing and traced supply-chain content.

NASDAQ

$22B

Module Manufacturer

605117.SSSSE 🇨🇳
Inverters
Inverters
$16B
Ningbo Deye Technology
HQ: 🇨🇳 China Segment: Inverters
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Ningbo Deye Technology is a Chinese manufacturer of hybrid inverters and matched LFP batteries for residential and commercial-and-industrial solar-plus-storage systems, alongside a smaller PV-inverter business. Frost & Sullivan ranked Deye first in residential energy-storage inverters by 2025 revenue, with a 20.6% global share in that category, according to the company’s 2026 Hong Kong listing application. Listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange, Deye distributes in more than 150 countries; overseas markets represented 79.7% of FY2025 revenue, led by Europe. Its first offshore plant, in Johor, Malaysia, broke ground in October 2025 with production targeted for early 2027.

SSE

$16B

Inverters

601012.SSSSE 🇨🇳
Wafer Module Manufacturer
Wafer Module Manufacturer
$13B
LONGi Green Energy
HQ: 🇨🇳 China Segment: Wafer Module Manufacturer
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LONGi Green Energy is a major monocrystalline solar manufacturer producing silicon wafers, solar cells and modules under its Hi-MO brand. It reported 111.6 GW of wafer shipments and 86.6 GW of module shipments in FY2025. Its current technology work includes the Hi-MO X / Hi-MO X6 line using HPBC technology and the Hi-MO 9 flagship built on HPBC 2.0, backed by roughly 46 GW of in-house HPBC 2.0 cell capacity. LONGi has gigawatt-scale manufacturing across China and is expanding internationally. Revenue and margins have been pressured by industry-wide module and polysilicon price deflation since late 2023.

SSE

$13B

Wafer Module Manufacturer

NXTNASDAQ 🇺🇸
Tracker
Tracker
$13B
Nextpower
HQ: 🇺🇸 United States Segment: Tracker
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Nextpower (formerly Nextracker, rebranded in November 2025) is a major global supplier of single-axis solar trackers, with the NX Horizon family including terrain-following XTR and autonomous hail-stowing variants. The company is expanding beyond trackers into foundations, eBOS, storage and power conversion. Prevalon Energy was acquired in July 2026, and the acquisition of Zigor’s power-conversion assets and Apex Power was completed in July 2026; the proposed acquisition of Zimmermann PV-Steel Group remained pending. FY2026 revenue, for the year ended March 2026, was $3.56 billion. Its US manufacturing activities can qualify for Section 45X credits on eligible components.

NASDAQ

$13B

Tracker

AESNYSE 🇺🇸
Renewable IPP Diversified Power
Renewable IPP Diversified Power
$11B
AES Corporation
HQ: 🇺🇸 United States Segment: Renewable IPP Diversified Power
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AES Corporation is a US-based diversified global power company with operations in solar, wind, natural gas, coal and battery storage across the Americas, Europe and Asia-Pacific, alongside regulated US utilities including AES Indiana and AES Ohio. Its AES Clean Energy division reported roughly 11.0 GW owned and operated, 3.0 GW under construction, a 7.6 GW contracted backlog and a 46 GW development pipeline in its 2025 annual report. AES co-founded the grid-scale battery-storage integrator Fluence Energy with Siemens. On 2 March 2026 AES agreed to a $15-per-share cash acquisition by a consortium led by Global Infrastructure Partners and EQT; shareholders approved the transaction on 26 June 2026, and completion remains subject to regulatory approvals.

NYSE

$11B

Renewable IPP Diversified Power

ENLTNASDAQ 🇮🇱
Renewable IPP
Renewable IPP
$10B
Enlight Renewable Energy
HQ: 🇮🇱 Israel Segment: Renewable IPP
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Enlight Renewable Energy is an Israeli-headquartered, Nasdaq- and Tel Aviv-listed renewable IPP that develops, finances, builds, owns and operates utility-scale solar, wind and battery-storage projects across Israel, the United States, Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. Its portfolio reached 43.1 factored GW as of Q2 2026 using the company’s combined generation-and-storage metric; 3.9 factored GW was operating and 12.3 factored GW sat in the mature portfolio. US projects include the 364 MW Atrisco solar-plus-storage complex, the 594 MW Snowflake A project and the 1.2 GW CO Bar Complex with 4.0 GWh of storage. In May 2026 Enlight signed a 200 MW solar PPA with Google for the Solstice project in Oklahoma. The model combines project development with ownership and long-term contracted revenue.

NASDAQ

$10B

Renewable IPP

BEPNYSE 🇨🇦
Renewable IPP
Renewable IPP
$9.0B
Brookfield Renewable Partners
HQ: 🇨🇦 Canada Segment: Renewable IPP
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Brookfield Renewable Partners is a listed renewable-power platform with approximately 47 GW of operating capacity across hydroelectric, wind, utility-scale solar, distributed energy and storage, and a development pipeline above 200 GW. Solar accounts for a portion of proportionate funds from operations alongside the broader renewable portfolio. The acquisition of French developer Neoen, agreed in 2024 and completed during 2025, expanded BEP’s solar and battery footprint. The company reports that around 90% of generation is contracted under long-term PPAs. BEPC remains the exchangeable corporate-share alternative to the BEP limited-partnership units.

NYSE

$9.0B

Renewable IPP

601877.SSSSE 🇨🇳
Solar Developer
Solar Developer
$8.1B
Chint Electrics
HQ: 🇨🇳 China Segment: Solar Developer
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Zhejiang CHINT Electrics (601877.SS) is the Shanghai-listed company of CHINT Group, distinct from the unlisted group parent. Its businesses include low-voltage electrical equipment and renewable-energy development, construction and operation. Inverter and storage activities sit with CHINT Power (002150.SZ), which is separately listed, and module maker Astronergy is likewise a separate CHINT group company, so the listed business spans electrical equipment and solar development rather than module manufacturing.

SSE

$8.1B

Solar Developer

Renewable IPP Solar Developer EPC / Construction
Renewable IPP Solar Developer EPC / Construction
$7.9B
Metlen Energy & Metals
HQ: Greece Segment: Renewable IPP Solar Developer EPC / Construction
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Metlen Energy & Metals PLC develops, builds, operates and sells utility-scale renewable-energy projects through its M-RESET platform. Solar represented 57% of the group’s 12.3 GW global renewable and storage portfolio at 30 June 2026. Its business model combines operating generation with projects under construction and development, while an asset-rotation strategy generates proceeds from the sale of completed or advanced portfolios.

Metlen also designs and constructs solar and battery projects for third-party customers. During the first half of 2026, it secured new EPC agreements covering 0.5 GW of photovoltaic capacity and completed the sale of a 283 MW solar portfolio in the United Kingdom. The wider group has substantial operations in thermal power, electricity and natural-gas supply and trading, aluminum, infrastructure and defence manufacturing, making Metlen a diversified solar participant rather than a pure-play developer.

LSE

$7.9B

Renewable IPP Solar Developer EPC / Construction

600438.SSSSE 🇨🇳
Polysilicon Solar Cells
Polysilicon Solar Cells
$7.9B
Tongwei Co
HQ: 🇨🇳 China Segment: Polysilicon Solar Cells
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Tongwei Co. is a major producer of high-purity polysilicon and high-efficiency solar cells, with roughly 900,000 tonnes of polysilicon capacity, more than 150 GW of N-type cell capacity and around 90 GW of module capacity. It is also a major aquaculture-feed and agriculture company, so the listed entity’s consolidated results blend solar with a large non-solar feed business. Scale across polysilicon and cells is central to its manufacturing position, but margins across the solar value chain have been severely compressed by industry oversupply.

SSE

$7.9B

Polysilicon Solar Cells

CWENNYSE 🇺🇸
Renewable IPP
Renewable IPP
$6.3B
Clearway Energy
HQ: 🇺🇸 United States Segment: Renewable IPP
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Clearway Energy is a US-listed clean-energy yieldco with approximately 13.9 GW of gross capacity across 27 states, including approximately 11.1 GW of wind, solar and battery storage systems and 2.8 GW of flexible dispatchable generation. Clearway is sponsored by Clearway Energy Group, whose owners include Global Infrastructure Partners, now part of BlackRock, and TotalEnergies. The portfolio mixes contracted renewable assets with flexible generation, and the yieldco typically grows by acquiring completed projects from its sponsor’s development pipeline.

NYSE

$6.3B

Renewable IPP

002129.SZSZSE 🇨🇳
Wafer Module Manufacturer
Wafer Module Manufacturer
$5.8B
TCL Zhonghuan
HQ: 🇨🇳 China Segment: Wafer Module Manufacturer
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TCL Zhonghuan Renewable Energy (TZS) is a Chinese manufacturer of large-format monocrystalline silicon wafers, the key intermediate product in the crystalline-silicon supply chain, and a major global wafer producer. It pioneered the G12 (210mm) ultra-large wafer platform and also manufactures finished modules. TCL Technology Group, the consumer-electronics and semiconductor group, is its controlling shareholder. Like other upstream suppliers, TCL Zhonghuan has faced margin pressure from the polysilicon and wafer price collapse since 2023.

SZSE

$5.8B

Wafer Module Manufacturer

MWHNASDAQ 🇺🇸
EPC / Construction
EPC / Construction
$5.4B
SOLV Energy
HQ: 🇺🇸 United States Segment: EPC / Construction
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SOLV Energy is a US utility-scale solar and battery-storage EPC contractor, with more than 20 GW of solar capacity built since its founding in 2008. It is the most solar-concentrated contractor on this list: rather than building solar inside a broader energy and civil portfolio, SOLV is dedicated to utility-scale solar and co-located battery storage, covering engineering, procurement, and construction alongside ongoing operations and maintenance services. The company listed on Nasdaq under the ticker MWH on 11 February 2026, pricing at $25 per share. It remains a controlled company: private equity owner American Securities, which acquired the business in December 2021, retains roughly 75–80% of voting power following the IPO, leaving public shareholders with a minority voting stake.

NASDAQ

$5.4B

EPC / Construction

HASINYSE 🇺🇸
Clean Energy Finance
Clean Energy Finance
$4.8B
HA Sustainable Infrastructure Capital
HQ: 🇺🇸 United States Segment: Clean Energy Finance
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HA Sustainable Infrastructure Capital (rebranded from Hannon Armstrong in June 2024) is a US-listed specialty finance company that invests in sustainable infrastructure across three end markets: behind-the-meter assets including residential solar, energy storage, and efficiency; grid-connected utility-scale solar, wind, and storage; and renewable fuels and transport. Total managed assets reached $17.6 billion as of 30 June 2026, with an $8.2 billion on-balance-sheet portfolio yielding 9.2% in the second quarter of 2026. The company revoked its REIT election in 2024 and now operates as a C-corporation. A 50/50 co-investment vehicle with KKR (CarbonCount Holdings 1) carries $3 billion of committed equity and up to $4.5 billion of total capital to back larger transactions, including the $1.2 billion SunZia wind investment, whose funding HASI completed in July 2026. HASI’s CarbonCount scoring framework measures avoided emissions per dollar invested.

NYSE

$4.8B

Clean Energy Finance

ENPHNASDAQ 🇺🇸
Inverters
Inverters
$4.5B
Enphase Energy
HQ: 🇺🇸 United States Segment: Inverters
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Enphase Energy is a US-listed supplier of microinverter-based residential solar and battery systems, having shipped approximately 89.4 million microinverters across approximately 5.3 million systems in over 165 countries as of Q2 2026. Its microinverter architecture converts DC to AC at the individual panel level and sits alongside IQ Battery LFP storage, the IQ EV Charger, the Enlighten monitoring cloud and Solargraf installer software. Enphase has a large US residential position; the United States accounted for approximately 81% of FY2025 revenue. Europe and Australia are key overseas markets. The company is expanding into US small-commercial solar with its GaN-based IQ9 microinverters; production shipments of the 548 W IQ9S-3P began in June 2026.

NASDAQ

$4.5B

Inverters

PRIMNYSE 🇺🇸
EPC / Construction
EPC / Construction
$4.1B
Primoris Services Corporation
HQ: 🇺🇸 United States Segment: EPC / Construction
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Primoris Services Corporation is a large US utility-scale solar EPC contractor, with solar revenue of approximately $3.0 billion in 2025. Solar EPC and battery-storage construction sit within its Energy segment alongside natural gas generation, pipelines, and heavy civil work; the company also operates a Utilities segment focused on electric and gas distribution. Primoris reported total backlog of $13.9 billion at 30 June 2026, including $8.2 billion of Master Service Agreement backlog. Its Q2 2026 results recorded cost overruns on six renewable-energy projects with completion dates staggered through 2026.

NYSE

$4.1B

EPC / Construction

688599.SSSSE 🇨🇳
Module Manufacturer
Module Manufacturer
$3.9B
Trina Solar
HQ: 🇨🇳 China Segment: Module Manufacturer
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Trina Solar is a China-based vertically integrated solar company manufacturing monocrystalline and bifacial modules under the Vertex brand. It had reported more than 275 GW of cumulative module shipments by Q1 2025. Previously NYSE-listed before going private and relisting on Shanghai’s STAR Market, Trina also operates a tracker business, with over 27 GW of cumulative tracker deliveries by end-2024, and an energy-storage business alongside its core modules. It is a major developer of 210mm large-format wafer platforms used in utility-scale projects.

SSE

$3.9B

Module Manufacturer

600732.SSSSE 🇨🇳
Solar Cells Module Manufacturer
Solar Cells Module Manufacturer
$3.5B
Aiko Solar Energy
HQ: 🇨🇳 China Segment: Solar Cells Module Manufacturer
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Aiko Solar Energy is a Chinese solar company built around its ABC (All Back Contact) cell technology, which places all electrodes on the rear of the cell to remove front-side shading from the metal contacts and support high module conversion efficiency. Listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange, Aiko originally supplied cells to third-party module makers before expanding into ABC-based branded modules. It has invested in ABC cell and module capacity for utility-scale and distributed-solar applications.

SSE

$3.5B

Solar Cells Module Manufacturer

002459.SZSZSE 🇨🇳
Module Manufacturer
Module Manufacturer
$3.4B
JA Solar Technology
HQ: 🇨🇳 China Segment: Module Manufacturer
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JA Solar Technology is a large Chinese solar module manufacturer with gigawatt-scale annual capacity and shipments across utility, commercial and residential markets in over 130 countries. The company’s DeepBlue 4.0 Pro TOPCon module is among its flagship products, incorporating N-type cell technology. The company has announced overseas manufacturing plans in Oman and, in December 2025, in Egypt; neither plant had been confirmed as commissioned as of September 2026.

SZSE

$3.4B

Module Manufacturer

300763.SZSZSE 🇨🇳
Inverters
Inverters
$3.3B
Ginlong Technologies (Solis)
HQ: 🇨🇳 China Segment: Inverters
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Ginlong Technologies (Solis) is a Chinese manufacturer of solar string inverters, hybrid inverters and monitoring systems under the Solis brand, focused on residential and commercial markets internationally. The company reports more than 100 GW of Solis inverters deployed cumulatively and distributes through installer and distributor networks across Europe, Australia, North America and Asia. Its hybrid inverter line supports battery storage, including in European residential-storage markets.

SZSE

$3.3B

Inverters

3800.HKHKEX 🇨🇳
Polysilicon Wafer
Polysilicon Wafer
$3.0B
GCL Technology Holdings
HQ: 🇨🇳 China Segment: Polysilicon Wafer
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GCL Technology Holdings is the Hong Kong-listed, Cayman-incorporated solar-materials company of China’s GCL group. It produces granular polysilicon using fluidized-bed-reactor (FBR) technology and also manufactures wafers. The company reported effective FBR granular-silicon capacity of 480,000 MT at the end of 2024. Its main R&D and manufacturing bases are in Xuzhou, Leshan, Hohhot and Baotou, and it exited its Xinjiang rod-polysilicon investment in April 2025. The business remains highly exposed to the polysilicon price cycle.

HKEX

$3.0B

Polysilicon Wafer

GRE.MCBME 🇪🇸
Renewable IPP
Renewable IPP
$2.9B
Grenergy Renovables
HQ: 🇪🇸 Spain Segment: Renewable IPP
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Grenergy Renovables is a Madrid-listed renewable developer and IPP that has shifted from a solar-led model toward large solar-plus-storage Oasis platforms and standalone battery projects. Its 2028 investment plan describes a footprint of roughly 12 GW of solar and 71 GWh of storage across Europe, the United States and Latin America. Its flagship Oasis platforms in Chile’s Atacama and Iberia total around 5 GW of solar and 22 GWh of storage. Recent milestones include a 20-year hybrid solar-plus-storage PPA with Georgia Power in May 2026 and the sale of seven distributed-generation solar plants totaling 88 MW in Colombia to Ecopetrol in December 2025. Much of the stated capacity remains in development rather than operation.

BME

$2.9B

Renewable IPP

SLR.MCBME 🇪🇸
Renewable IPP
Renewable IPP
$2.6B
Solaria Energía y Medio Ambiente
HQ: 🇪🇸 Spain Segment: Renewable IPP
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Solaria Energía y Medio Ambiente is a Spanish independent renewable-energy company operating utility-scale solar power plants concentrated in Spain and Iberia. The company combines PPA-contracted generation with merchant market exposure and has a land-rights and development pipeline supporting future projects. Solaria has been selectively expanding into other European markets. Most assets and development rights remain concentrated in Iberia, so geographic concentration is an important part of the business profile.

BME

$2.6B

Renewable IPP

RNWNASDAQ 🇮🇳
Renewable IPP
Renewable IPP
$2.5B
ReNew Energy Global
HQ: 🇮🇳 India Segment: Renewable IPP
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ReNew Energy Global is a large Indian independent renewable-energy company, with approximately 11.4 GW of commissioned capacity at end-2025, including roughly 5.8 GW of solar and 5.5 GW of wind, plus hydro and battery storage. Incorporated in England and Wales with operations run from Gurugram, India, ReNew has been Nasdaq-listed since its 2021 SPAC merger. On 11 August 2026 ReNew entered into a transaction agreement with a consortium led by CPP Investments and CEO Sumant Sinha to take the company private at $7.02 in cash per cash-out share, with a rollover alternative for eligible holders. The scheme is pending shareholder, court and regulatory approvals, with a company timetable running to Q1 2027. ReNew is also expanding into green hydrogen and hybrid solar-wind-storage projects.

NASDAQ

$2.5B

Renewable IPP

S92.DEXETRA 🇩🇪
Inverters
Inverters
$2.5B
SMA Solar Technology
HQ: 🇩🇪 Germany Segment: Inverters
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SMA Solar Technology is a German manufacturer of solar inverters with more than 40 years of power-electronics experience. It produces string, central and hybrid inverters for residential, commercial and utility-scale solar, plus EV-charging and battery-storage management products. SMA sold 19.9 GW of inverter output in FY2025 but reported a loss, with EBITDA of -EUR 65.4 million and EBIT of -EUR 188.2 million, and is executing a restructuring and transformation program. It has added final-assembly capacity in Krakow while maintaining a service network for European installer and utility customers.

XETRA

$2.5B

Inverters

0968.HKHKEX 🇨🇳
Solar Glass
Solar Glass
$2.3B
Xinyi Solar Holdings
HQ: 🇨🇳 China Segment: Solar Glass
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Xinyi Solar Holdings is a large solar photovoltaic-glass manufacturer, with average operating melting capacity of 21,400 tonnes per day in the second half of 2025, down from 23,200 t/day earlier in the year after two China lines totaling 1,800 t/day were suspended in July 2025. Solar glass accounted for 85.5% of FY2025 revenue, with the company supplying ultra-clear low-iron tempered glass to module manufacturers. Manufacturing is anchored in China, with overseas production in Malaysia and a new Indonesian base where the first 1,200 t/day line commenced operation in January 2026. Margins have been compressed by the PV-glass price downturn. The group also holds approximately 6.2 GW of grid-connected solar farms in China, primarily through listed subsidiary Xinyi Energy.

HKEX

$2.3B

Solar Glass

SEDGNASDAQ 🇮🇱
Inverters
Inverters
$2.2B
SolarEdge Technologies
HQ: 🇮🇱 Israel Segment: Inverters
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SolarEdge Technologies designs DC-optimized inverter systems for residential and commercial-and-industrial solar, comprising module-level Power Optimisers, string inverters, and DC-coupled batteries. The Israel-headquartered but Delaware-incorporated, Nasdaq-listed company had shipped roughly 56 GW of systems to over 145 countries by end-2024, after which it discontinued its cumulative-shipment metric. Following severe inventory and demand challenges in 2023-2024, SolarEdge reported a Q2 2026 non-GAAP gross margin of 28.6% (GAAP 27.5%), a sixth consecutive quarter of year-on-year margin expansion, and returned to non-GAAP operating profitability for the first time since Q2 2023. It began shipping its next-generation Nexis platform in 2026, with three-phase Nexis shipments into Europe exceeding $60M in Q2 2026. It is developing, with Infineon, a Solid State Transformer for AI data-center 800V DC architectures, targeting a working lab prototype by end-2026, data-center pilots in 2027 and volume shipments in 2028.

NASDAQ

$2.2B

Inverters

002506.SZSZSE 🇨🇳
Solar Cells Module Manufacturer
Solar Cells Module Manufacturer
$2.2B
GCL System Integration Technology
HQ: 🇨🇳 China Segment: Solar Cells Module Manufacturer
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GCL System Integration Technology (GCL-SI, 002506.SZ) is a Shenzhen-listed solar cell and module manufacturer and member of China’s GCL Group, distinct from GCL Technology Holdings (3800.HK). Its FY2025 annual report describes over 30 GW of large-format module capacity and 16 GW of n-type TOPCon cell capacity, plus storage and energy solutions; significant silicon-wafer production sits with affiliated group companies rather than GCL-SI itself. Module-sector price deflation has kept it loss-making: FY2025 revenue of CNY 15.3 billion came with a CNY 1.17 billion net loss. It has begun shipping premium-priced back-contact (GPC) modules produced on retrofitted TOPCon lines.

SZSE

$2.2B

Solar Cells Module Manufacturer

688390.SSSSE 🇨🇳
Inverters
Inverters
$2.2B
GoodWe Technologies
HQ: 🇨🇳 China Segment: Inverters
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GoodWe Technologies is a China-based manufacturer of solar inverters for residential, commercial, and industrial applications, with a particular focus on hybrid inverters that integrate battery-storage management. Listed on Shanghai’s STAR Market, GoodWe has built an international distribution network across European, Australian, and emerging-market residential-solar customers with its string and hybrid inverter range. Its product line has extended into home batteries, energy-management systems, and EV charging, broadening its platform beyond standalone inverters.

SSE

$2.2B

Inverters

300827.SZSZSE 🇨🇳
Inverters
Inverters
$2.1B
Sineng Electric
HQ: 🇨🇳 China Segment: Inverters
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Sineng Electric is a Chinese power-electronics manufacturer specializing in solar PV inverters and energy-storage power-conversion systems. S&P Global ranked it fourth globally by PV-inverter shipments in 2024, and BloombergNEF has included it in its Tier 1 power-inverter manufacturer lists. Its portfolio spans residential, commercial and utility-scale inverters, grid-scale battery-storage PCS, power-quality controllers and active power filters. Sineng operates manufacturing bases in Wuxi and Wuzhong in China and Bangalore in India, with the India facility supporting regional manufacturing and service. It sells across Asia-Pacific, the Middle East, Africa, Europe and the Americas.

SZSE

$2.1B

Inverters

RUNNASDAQ 🇺🇸
Residential Solar
Residential Solar
$2.1B
Sunrun
HQ: 🇺🇸 United States Segment: Residential Solar
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Sunrun is a large US residential solar and battery-storage provider, with just over one million subscribers and 1.21 million total customers as of 30 June 2026. Customer agreements typically run 20 or 25 years and are financed through tax equity, asset-backed securities and the long-term cash flows of the contracted base, alongside prepaid and cash options. Storage attach rates reached a company record 74% in Q2 2026, supporting a networked battery fleet of approximately 4.6 GWh that Sunrun dispatches as a virtual power plant. The Section 25D residential credit ended for expenditures after 2025; the treatment of third-party-ownership structures depends on Section 48E eligibility and related foreign-entity rules.

NASDAQ

$2.1B

Residential Solar

6865.HKHKEX 🇨🇳
Solar Glass
Solar Glass
$1.7B
Flat Glass Group
HQ: 🇨🇳 China Segment: Solar Glass
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Flat Glass Group is a Chinese manufacturer of solar photovoltaic glass and architectural flat glass. Its solar glass products include AR-coated low-iron tempered glass used in crystalline-silicon and thin-film module encapsulation; PV glass represented 89.9% of FY2025 revenue. The company is dual-listed, with Hong Kong H shares (6865.HK) and Shanghai A shares (601865.SS). Sustained PV-glass price declines have pushed it to cold-repair kilns, with broker estimates putting in-production melting capacity around 16,400 tonnes/day by mid-2025, down from roughly 20,000 tonnes/day operated in early 2025; in July 2026 it warned of an H1 2026 net loss of CNY 300-400 million after impairments on idled furnaces and PV-glass inventories.

HKEX

$1.7B

Solar Glass

SCATC.OLOSE 🇳🇴
Renewable IPP
Renewable IPP
$1.7B
Scatec
HQ: 🇳🇴 Norway Segment: Renewable IPP
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Scatec is a Norwegian independent renewable-energy developer and power producer operating utility-scale solar, wind, hydro and battery-storage projects across Africa, Latin America, Asia, the Middle East and Central and Eastern Europe. As of its Q2 2026 report (21 August 2026) it had 5.7 GW of generation capacity and 1.4 GWh of battery storage in operation, with 0.9 GW and 0.6 GWh under construction and a further 5.8 GW and 4.8 GWh in backlog. The company develops, builds, owns and operates its plants, and the construction margin it books on each project offsets part of the equity it invests alongside co-investors. Revenue splits between long-term power purchase agreements covering the operating fleet and development and construction work billed to the project companies. The portfolio is concentrated in emerging markets, so project execution, financing and country risk matter to the business model.

OSE

$1.7B

Renewable IPP

300118.SZSZSE 🇨🇳
Module Manufacturer
Module Manufacturer
$1.6B
Risen Energy
HQ: 🇨🇳 China Segment: Module Manufacturer
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Risen Energy is a Chinese manufacturer of monocrystalline solar modules for residential, commercial and utility-scale applications, with manufacturing in Ningbo and overseas plants serving international markets. Its current high-efficiency platform is Hyper-ion / Hyper-ion Pro heterojunction technology; issuer materials reported average mass-production output around 740 Wp and record cell efficiency of 26.61% in mid-2025. The earlier Titan series is its legacy PERC module family. Risen supplies modules across Europe, Australia, Latin America and the Middle East.

SZSE

$1.6B

Module Manufacturer

SHLSNASDAQ 🇺🇸
Electrical BOS
Electrical BOS
$1.4B
Shoals Technologies Group
HQ: 🇺🇸 United States Segment: Electrical BOS
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Shoals Technologies Group designs and manufactures electrical balance-of-system (eBOS) solutions for utility-scale solar, battery storage and data-center power infrastructure. Its Big Lead Assembly trunk-bus system uses above-ground aluminum feeder cables and prefabricated harnesses instead of traditional combiner boxes and wire-and-conduit; the company says the design can reduce wire runs by up to 95%. Shoals reported more than 93 GW of deployed solar projects and total backlog and awarded orders of $747.6 million at end-2025. It has announced Master Service Agreements with data-center integrators. The wire-insulation shrinkback matter remains subject to litigation against the supplier, with related expenses disclosed in 2026 filings.

NASDAQ

$1.4B

Electrical BOS

688032.SSSSE 🇨🇳
Inverters
Inverters
$1.3B
Hoymiles Power Electronics
HQ: 🇨🇳 China Segment: Inverters
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Hoymiles Power Electronics is a Chinese manufacturer of microinverters and power optimisers for residential and commercial rooftop solar, competing with Enphase in the module-level power-electronics segment. Listed on Shanghai’s STAR Market, Hoymiles reported about 17% of global microinverter shipments in 2025, citing S&P Global Energy data, and ranked first outside the United States on that measure. Its DTU communication units and monitoring platforms provide panel-level visibility and remote management. The business mix is shifting: FY2025 microinverter revenue fell sharply while energy-storage revenue grew about 61%, and the company swung to a CNY 161 million net loss as it invested through the transition.

SSE

$1.3B

Inverters

TENYSE 🇺🇸
Module Manufacturer
Module Manufacturer
$1.3B
T1 Energy
HQ: 🇺🇸 United States Segment: Module Manufacturer
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T1 Energy (NYSE: TE), formerly FREYR Battery, began trading under its current name on 3 March 2025 following the December 2024 close of the Trina Business Combination, which brought Trina Solar’s US solar-manufacturing assets under the company. T1 operates G1_Dallas, a 5 GW-nameplate photovoltaic module manufacturing facility in Wilmer, Texas, using PERC and TOPCon cell technology. It is also building G2_Austin, a planned US solar-cell manufacturing facility in Milam County, Texas; construction of the first 2.1 GW phase began in December 2025, and in August 2026 the company moved its target for initial cell production there to Q1 2027. T1 holds long-term supply agreements with Hemlock Semiconductor for polysilicon and Corning Inc. for wafers. In July 2026 it acquired the TOPCon patents it had previously licensed from Evervolt Green Energy for $135 million and closed the acquisition of KORE Power, rebranded T1 NRI, which serves battery-storage and data-center infrastructure markets.

NYSE

$1.3B

Module Manufacturer

688717.SSSSE 🇨🇳
Inverters
Inverters
$1.1B
Solax Power
HQ: 🇨🇳 China Segment: Inverters
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SolaX Power Network Technology is a Chinese manufacturer of hybrid solar inverters and battery-storage systems, with a customer base weighted toward European residential solar-plus-storage. Listed on Shanghai’s STAR Market, SolaX sells its X1 and X3 inverter series through installers in Germany, the UK, the Netherlands and other markets. Its inverters support lithium-battery systems for residential self-consumption and backup power.

SSE

$1.1B

Inverters

3868.HKHKEX 🇨🇳
Renewable IPP
Renewable IPP
$860M
Xinyi Energy Holdings
HQ: 🇨🇳 China Segment: Renewable IPP
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Xinyi Energy Holdings is a Hong Kong-listed, Cayman-incorporated, solar-focused renewable-energy operator in mainland China. As of 30 June 2026, it owned utility-scale renewable-energy generation projects with aggregate approved capacity of 4,630.5 MW, including subsidized and grid-parity projects; the wider portfolio also includes a small wind farm. The company sells electricity to provincial subsidiaries of China’s state grid enterprises under a mix of tariff and market-based arrangements. It is a controlled subsidiary of Xinyi Solar Holdings (0968.HK), spun out as a yieldco in 2019 to give investors separately listed exposure to operating renewable assets, with the parent retaining majority ownership. The company also completed the acquisition of a New Zealand company in the first half of 2026 and had a 100 MW Malaysian renewable project under construction at 30 June 2026.

HKEX

$860M

Renewable IPP

DQNYSE 🇨🇳
Polysilicon
Polysilicon
$833M
Daqo New Energy
HQ: 🇨🇳 China Segment: Polysilicon
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Daqo New Energy is a Chinese producer of solar-grade polysilicon, with 305,000 MT of nameplate capacity split between Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia and manufacturing based on the modified Siemens process. Its NYSE-listed Cayman holding company owns roughly 72.8% of Xinjiang Daqo, the operating subsidiary separately listed on Shanghai’s STAR Market. Industry oversupply has held polysilicon prices below Daqo’s production cost, the company has been loss-making since 2024, and it ran at approximately 57% of nameplate capacity in Q2 2026. After withholding sales for most of H1 2026 under China’s anti-involution self-regulation guidelines, it resumed selling in June 2026. In June 2026 it also signed an investment agreement with affiliate Daqo Group to manufacture power equipment for AI data centers, including energy storage systems and solid-state transformers.

NYSE

$833M

Polysilicon

CSIQNASDAQ 🇨🇦
Solar Cells Module Manufacturer Renewable IPP
Solar Cells Module Manufacturer Renewable IPP
$799M
Canadian Solar
HQ: 🇨🇦 Canada Segment: Solar Cells Module Manufacturer Renewable IPP
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Canadian Solar is a Canada-headquartered vertically integrated solar and battery-storage company. Following a December 2025 reorganization, manufacturing is split between US-focused CS PowerTech, a majority-owned subsidiary, and CSI Solar’s other-market operations, while Recurrent Energy develops, owns and operates utility-scale solar and storage projects globally. It shipped 24.3 GW of modules in FY2025. Its US manufacturing base comprises the Mesquite, Texas module plant, rated 5 GWp and being expanded to 10 GWp, and a heterojunction cell plant in Jeffersonville, Indiana, whose 2.1 GWp first phase opened in July 2026. Battery storage is a second manufacturing line: the e-STORAGE unit held a contracted backlog of $3.5 billion at 30 June 2026. CSI Solar is separately listed on the Shanghai STAR Market (688472.SS), with the parent retaining majority ownership.

NASDAQ

$799M

Solar Cells Module Manufacturer Renewable IPP

688408.SSSSE 🇨🇳
Tracker
Tracker
$746M
Arctech Solar
HQ: 🇨🇳 China Segment: Tracker
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Arctech Solar is a Chinese manufacturer of single-axis solar trackers and fixed-tilt racking systems for utility-scale solar farms, with experience in high-wind and difficult-terrain environments. Listed on Shanghai’s STAR Market, Arctech has deployed its SkyLine and SkySmart tracker products across projects in China, the Middle East, Latin America and other international markets, and offers tracking control software for its systems. Its project base spans both Chinese and non-Chinese utility-solar markets.

SSE

$746M

Tracker

VLTSA.PAEuronext Paris 🇫🇷
Renewable IPP
Renewable IPP
$680M
Voltalia
HQ: 🇫🇷 France Segment: Renewable IPP
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Voltalia is a French independent renewable-energy developer, IPP and service provider with solar, wind, hydro, biomass and battery-storage projects across Europe, Latin America and Africa. Its dual model combines ownership of generating assets with EPC, O&M and development services for third parties. At 30 June 2026 Voltalia had 2,962 MW in operation and 3,564 MW including projects under construction. Under its SPRING plan the company cut its development pipeline by around 30% to roughly 12 GW and withdrew from five countries to concentrate on priority markets. FY2025 included a net loss of EUR 128.1 million amid Brazilian curtailment pressure, and the group reported a further net loss of EUR 43.3 million for H1 2026.

Euronext Paris

$680M

Renewable IPP

ARRYNASDAQ 🇺🇸
Tracker
Tracker
$609M
Array Technologies
HQ: 🇺🇸 United States Segment: Tracker
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Array Technologies is one of the largest global suppliers of single-axis solar trackers for utility-scale projects, with its DuraTrack platform and patented autonomous wind-stow technology installed across thousands of projects worldwide. The 2022 acquisition of STI Norland expanded its presence in Europe and Latin America, and the acquisition of foundation-solutions provider APA Solar, completed in August 2025, added an adjacent product line often deployed alongside trackers. On 31 August 2026 Array completed the acquisition of Affordable Wire Management, adding wire-management products to its tracker and foundation businesses. The order book stood at $2.5 billion at 30 June 2026, and cumulative tracker shipments passed 100 GW during Q2 2026. Array manufactures with a high US domestic-content mix: its trackers can help project owners qualify for the domestic-content bonus, while Array itself claims Section 45X credits on eligible components, two distinct tax mechanisms.

NASDAQ

$609M

Tracker

JKSNYSE 🇨🇳
Module Manufacturer
Module Manufacturer
$549M
JinkoSolar
HQ: 🇨🇳 China Segment: Module Manufacturer
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JinkoSolar is one of the world’s largest solar module manufacturers, with cumulative module shipments passing 420 GW by 30 June 2026 across nearly 200 countries. Its Tiger Neo TOPCon N-type product line accounted for over 99% of 2025 module shipments, and the third-generation Tiger Neo 3.0 reached average mass-production output of 655-660 W by the end of Q1 2026. Operations are vertically integrated across silicon ingots, wafers, cells and modules, with manufacturing in China, Vietnam and the United States. The group is structured as a Cayman-incorporated NYSE-listed parent (JKS), whose American depositary shares each represent four ordinary shares, and its principal operating subsidiary, Jinko Solar Co., is separately listed on the Shanghai STAR Market.

NYSE

$549M

Module Manufacturer

HRPK.DEXETRA 🇩🇪
Renewable IPP
Renewable IPP
$152M
7C Solarparken
HQ: 🇩🇪 Germany Segment: Renewable IPP
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7C Solarparken is a German operator and developer of distributed solar parks generating revenue from German feed-in tariffs, direct-marketing agreements and PPAs. Listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, it owned and operated roughly 504 MWp in 2025, predominantly in Germany with a smaller Belgian presence. It acquires existing parks and develops ground-mount and rooftop projects.

XETRA

$152M

Renewable IPP

TYGONASDAQ 🇺🇸
MLPE Inverters
MLPE Inverters
$75M
Tigo Energy
HQ: 🇺🇸 United States Segment: MLPE Inverters
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Tigo Energy is a US-based provider of module-level power electronics (MLPE), competing primarily with Enphase and SolarEdge. Its TS4 platform delivers per-panel optimization, real-time monitoring, and code-required rapid shutdown for residential, commercial, and utility-scale solar systems. The company also offers GO Energy Storage Systems for residential solar-plus-storage and the Predict+ machine-learning analytics platform used by utilities for renewable forecasting. Tigo reported 2025 revenue of $103.5 million, up 91.7% year on year; EMEA revenue reached $69.5 million, driven by MLPE and GO ESS demand in Germany, the Czech Republic, the United Kingdom, Italy, and Poland.

NASDAQ

$75M

MLPE Inverters
Currency conversion rates
FX rates — September 22, 2026: 🇨🇳 USDCNY 6.699  ·  🇪🇺 EURUSD 1.145  ·  🇭🇰 USDHKD 7.843  ·  🇳🇴 USDNOK 9.444

Useful resources

List Updates

Additions, removals and corrections are logged here as they happen. Market-cap data last refreshed September 22, 2026. Full changelog across all lists →

±

Name ChangeNov 11, 2025
Nextracker rebranded as Nextpower in November 2025, reflecting its expansion beyond solar trackers into foundations, eBOS, storage and power conversion. Ticker NXT unchanged.

Solar Stocks — Investor FAQ

Solar stocks are shares of publicly traded companies that earn revenue from the solar power value chain. The term covers upstream manufacturers of polysilicon, wafers, cells, modules, inverters and trackers; EPC contractors that build projects; developers and independent power producers that own solar assets; and diversified utilities with large solar fleets. “Solar energy stocks” is used interchangeably, and the breadth matters for investors because manufacturers, developers and asset owners respond very differently to module prices, interest rates and policy changes. This solar stocks list organizes companies by value-chain segment, headquarters and market cap so the different business models can be compared side by side.
Utility-scale solar is among the lowest-cost sources of new bulk electricity in many markets, and demand is being pulled by several structural buyers at once: utilities, national auctions, corporate offtakers and, in the US, data centers. Lazard’s July 2026 analysis put unsubsidized US utility-scale solar at $40–98/MWh against $51–129/MWh for new-build combined-cycle gas, with utility-scale solar plus storage at $61–156/MWh; cost ranges widened across technologies on higher capital costs, but Lazard still placed renewables as the most cost-competitive form of new-build generation, and the gap is reinforced by gas-turbine delivery lead times that a 2025 DOE report put at one to seven years depending on turbine class. Module costs have fallen roughly 90% since 2010 as Chinese manufacturing capacity scaled, wafers thinned and cell efficiencies improved. Alongside policy support across China, the EU, India and the US, solar demand is underpinned by data-center load growth (Berkeley Lab projects data centers could reach 9.5–15.3% of US electricity consumption by 2030, up from about 4.7% in 2024) and the broader electrification of transport and heating.
Upstream makes the equipment; downstream develops, builds or owns the assets, and oversupply that punishes one end of the chain often improves economics at the other. Upstream companies make the physical components: polysilicon, wafers, cells, modules, inverters, trackers, racking and balance-of-system. Their economics are driven by manufacturing scale, technology cost curves and the global capacity cycle, leaving them directly exposed to oversupply and price wars. Downstream is really three different business models: project developers earn development margins and often sell projects before or at completion; EPC contractors earn construction and services margins; and Independent Power Producers (IPPs) own operating assets and earn long-duration electricity revenue, typically under 10–25 year Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs). The two ends of the chain can partially offset one another: oversupply that compresses module margins simultaneously lowers the cost base for developers and can lift project returns. Downstream names are also more rate-sensitive: yield-oriented IPPs tend to de-rate when long-end government bond yields rise, all else equal, and residential solar is highly rate-sensitive given its dependence on consumer loans, leases and tax-equity financing.
China’s manufacturing scale gives it substantial influence over pricing across the crystalline-silicon value chain, so Chinese supply discipline (or the lack of it) affects margins for many listed names. The IEA put China at more than 80% of manufacturing capacity across every major PV production stage in the mid-2020s, including roughly 95% of wafers. Since late 2022 the industry has been in a deep oversupply cycle: polysilicon spot prices fell below the production costs of many producers, module prices collapsed, and the IEA reported negative net margins at integrated manufacturers in 2024. Beijing’s policy response, labeled “anti-involution”, relies on enforcement against below-cost selling, quality standards and pressure for capacity discipline rather than official price floors; in January 2026 China’s market regulator ordered the PV industry association and leading polysilicon producers to stop coordinating prices, output and capacity utilization. The April 2026 cancellation of China’s solar export VAT rebate (cut from 9% to 0%) raises Chinese exporters’ effective costs. US trade actions reinforce the bifurcation: AD/CVD tariffs (the Section 201 safeguard expired on 6 February 2026), the Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act and OBBBA’s foreign-entity restrictions on tax credits have created a higher-priced US market with different eligibility and cost conditions for non-Chinese manufacturers.
Storage has become more important in markets approaching solar saturation. Solar-plus-storage pairs a PV array with a co-located battery (usually lithium-ion, AC- or DC-coupled), letting midday solar generation shift into evening peak hours. California illustrates why: in the first half of 2024, midday wholesale prices in the solar-heavy CAISO market repeatedly went to zero or negative, compressing the prices solar plants captured, and the state’s large four-hour battery fleet now shifts some of that midday energy into the evening net-load peak. Spain, Germany, Australia and several Chinese provinces face versions of the same dynamic, and typical project sizing in the most saturated US markets has moved from 1–2 hour batteries toward four-hour systems.
Battery attach rates and energy-storage shipments are operating indicators for several residential and manufacturing companies. Sunrun reported a record 74% storage attach rate in Q2 2026 (up from 70% a year earlier), while JinkoSolar has built energy storage into a second business line and Enphase and Tigo sell storage alongside their inverter platforms.
The US policy stack affects solar company economics and was reshaped, but not dismantled, by the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA) of July 2025. Section 45X advanced manufacturing credits pay 7¢/W for US-made modules, 4¢/W for cells, $12/m² for wafers and $3/kg for polysilicon; First Solar recognized $1.6 billion of 45X credits in 2025. Section 48E and 45Y investment and production tax credits still underwrite project economics, but OBBBA added a hard schedule: wind and solar projects beginning construction after July 4, 2026 must be placed in service by end-2027 to qualify, and IRS Notice 2025-42 limits the old 5% cost safe harbor to small solar facilities, so larger projects must show physical work to lock in eligibility. Developers must incorporate that schedule into procurement and construction planning. OBBBA’s prohibited-foreign-entity rules restrict credits for projects with material Chinese-controlled supply-chain content, affecting eligibility and supplier selection.
A separate Section 232 national-security investigation into polysilicon and its derivatives, opened July 2025, was still awaiting a final tariff determination as of mid-2026. In residential, the Section 25D homeowner credit ended for expenditures after 2025; the treatment of third-party-ownership platforms such as Sunrun depends on Section 48E eligibility and other foreign-entity rules. Developers and manufacturers can also monetize credits through direct transfers to unrelated buyers as an alternative to conventional tax equity; pricing varies by credit and deal, with First Solar’s disclosed 2025 45X credit sales at roughly 95 cents on the dollar.
Solar panel stocks are the cell and module manufacturers, such as First Solar, JinkoSolar, Canadian Solar and LONGi, whose earnings track module prices and manufacturing costs through the global capacity cycle. Solar inverter stocks sit in power electronics: companies like Enphase, SolarEdge and Sungrow make the equipment that converts DC solar output into grid-ready AC power. Enphase is a useful example of the difference: its exposure is tied to microinverters, storage attachment and residential solar systems rather than module manufacturing, so it trades on different drivers from solar panel manufacturers or utility-scale developers. Inverter makers and module manufacturers therefore face different margin, demand and interest-rate exposures.
Solar stocks are shares in individual companies, so returns depend on single-company execution, financing and value-chain position. Solar ETFs hold baskets of solar and clean-energy companies, spreading single-name exposure across multiple holdings in exchange for a management fee; funds such as the Invesco Solar ETF (TAN) mix manufacturers, inverter companies and developers in one instrument. The two formats therefore differ in company-specific exposure, diversification, fees and how much control the holder has over the underlying names. Our separate Solar ETFs list compares US-listed solar funds by assets, expense ratio and exposure type.

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Key Terms
Full Glossary →

The ultra-pure form of silicon (typically 8N–9N purity, meaning 99.999999% or better) that is the raw material for crystalline-silicon solar cells. Produced from metallurgical-grade silicon, primarily through the modified Siemens process (Daqo, Tongwei, GCL Technology) or the fluidized-bed reactor process (GCL Technology, REC Silicon). China accounted for over 80% of global polysilicon production as of the mid-2020s, with major hubs in Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia. Polysilicon prices are highly cyclical: spot prices collapsed from late 2022 in the broader oversupply cycle, falling below the production costs of many producers.
The completed solar panel: photovoltaic cells laminated between glass, encapsulant film and a backsheet (or rear glass), bonded into an aluminum frame. Traditional formats used 60 or 72 full-size cells; modern modules typically use half-cut cells, so 108–144 cell pieces are common. Power ratings above 600W are common in large-format utility-scale products as cell efficiencies and wafer sizes have increased, but the rating varies by product and project. Module prices have fallen roughly 90% over the past fifteen years, with mainstream ex-China spot prices around $0.10–0.15/W during 2024–25. Bifacial modules, which generate power from both faces, typically add mid-single-digit to low-double-digit energy yield depending on site and mounting, and accounted for roughly two-thirds of the market by 2024 (IRENA).
Solar cell architecture has evolved through several generations, each lifting efficiency. BSF (Aluminum Back Surface Field) was the industry standard until around 2018. PERC (Passivated Emitter and Rear Contact) added a rear passivation layer, dominated production from roughly 2018 to 2023, and is being phased out. TOPCon (Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact) is widely used in current N-type production, including JinkoSolar’s Tiger Neo, Trina’s Vertex N, and JA Solar’s DeepBlue, with 2025 average mass-production cell efficiencies around 25.5–26% and leading lines above 26%. HJT (Heterojunction) and BC (Back Contact, including LONGi’s HPBC 2.0 architecture in Hi-MO 9) remain active higher-efficiency development paths. CdTe (Cadmium Telluride, First Solar’s thin-film technology) sits outside the silicon roadmap entirely.
The power-electronics device that converts the direct current (DC) output of solar panels into alternating current (AC) for the grid or building loads. Central inverters (Sungrow, Sineng, SMA) are large units, typically several MW each, used in utility-scale projects. String inverters (Sungrow, Huawei, GoodWe, Solis, Solax) cover a range from a few kilowatts to several hundred kilowatts for commercial-and-industrial and utility-scale projects, and have taken share from central inverters in many utility-scale designs. Microinverters (Enphase, Hoymiles) operate at the panel level, providing per-module monitoring and superior shade tolerance at higher per-watt cost, and are widely used in US residential systems. Hybrid inverters (Deye, GoodWe, Sungrow) integrate a battery interface for solar-plus-storage applications.
A ground-mounted racking system that rotates solar panels to follow the sun across the sky, typically increasing annual energy yield by around 15–30% versus fixed-tilt depending on latitude, irradiance and design. Single-axis trackers rotate panels east-to-west on a north-south horizontal axis and are the dominant commercial type. Dual-axis trackers add a second tilt-adjustment axis but are generally uneconomic for utility-scale projects. Terrain-following trackers are a further variant, engineered to tolerate a change in ground slope between adjacent foundation posts so that a row can follow undulating land; the tolerance is quoted in degrees of slope change per post, and a higher figure can reduce site grading, civil works and structural steel on constrained sites. Trackers add incremental capex versus fixed-tilt, so project economics depend on site, financing and energy-price assumptions. They are widely used in new US utility-scale installations. Key listed suppliers include Nextpower (formerly Nextracker), Array Technologies, Arctech Solar, and FTC Solar.
A measure of a power plant’s lifetime cost per unit of electricity generated, usually expressed in dollars per megawatt-hour. Assumptions include capital cost, operating cost, financing, fuel, project life and capacity factor. LCOE is useful for first-pass technology comparisons but does not capture the full system value of dispatchability, transmission, curtailment or storage. Lazard’s July 2026 US analysis continued to place onshore wind and utility-scale solar among the lowest-cost sources of new generation on an unsubsidized basis.
An agreement to buy electricity or related energy products on specified terms. Pricing, delivery obligations, duration and termination rights vary. A physical PPA involves power delivery; a virtual PPA settles a price difference financially. Contracted revenue can support project financing, subject to buyer credit and other project risks.
A company that owns and operates power generation assets and sells electricity into wholesale markets or under long-term PPAs. Most IPPs are distinct from regulated utilities, though diversified parents can own both: NextEra Energy pairs the regulated utility FPL with its NextEra Energy Resources (NEER) IPP arm. The IPP model is a major route through which utility-scale solar is developed and owned globally. Listed renewable IPPs on this list include NextEra Energy (via NEER), Brookfield Renewable, Clearway Energy, AES, Scatec, Solaria, Grenergy, ReNew, Voltalia, 7C Solarparken, Enlight, and Xinyi Energy. IPP valuations are typically driven by contracted cash-flow visibility, the cost of capital relative to long-end government bond yields, merchant power-price exposure, and the development pipeline that drives growth beyond the operating fleet.
The duck curve is the shape of net load in solar-heavy grids: total electricity demand minus variable renewable generation, which sags to a low midday belly while solar output is high and then ramps steeply into the evening as solar falls away but demand persists. Wholesale prices tend to track net load, so solar-rich hours often see very low or even negative prices while evening hours stay firm. Capture rate is the average price a technology actually realizes divided by the average wholesale price across all hours; solar’s capture rate falls as penetration rises because correlated solar output suppresses prices in exactly the hours it generates. In the first half of 2024, midday prices in California’s CAISO market repeatedly hit zero or negative, compressing solar capture rates and accelerating the shift toward solar-plus-storage. Co-located batteries shift midday energy into the evening net-load peak, improving the prices a hybrid project realizes.
The percentage of new solar installations sold or commissioned with co-located battery storage. Attach rates have risen as midday solar output has increasingly depressed wholesale prices, or forced curtailment, in high-penetration markets. In US residential, Sunrun reported a record 74% attach rate in Q2 2026, up from 70% a year earlier. For listed companies, attach rates and energy-storage-system (ESS) shipments are operating indicators alongside module shipments, visible in JinkoSolar’s expansion of its ESS business and in Enphase’s IQ Battery and Tigo’s GO ESS product lines.
The federal credits and related rules that affect the economics of US-listed solar names, reshaped, but not dismantled, by the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA) of July 2025. Section 45X pays manufacturers a per-unit production credit for US-made components: 7¢/W for modules, 4¢/W for cells, $12/m² for wafers, $3/kg for polysilicon, 0.25¢/W for central inverters and 11¢/W for microinverters. Section 48E (investment) and Section 45Y (production) credits support project economics; under OBBBA, wind and solar projects beginning construction after July 4, 2026 must be placed in service by end-2027 to qualify, and IRS Notice 2025-42 limits the 5% cost safe harbor to small solar facilities, so larger projects rely on physical-work tests. Prohibited-foreign-entity rules restrict credits where supply chains contain material Chinese-controlled content. A Section 232 national-security investigation into polysilicon and its derivatives, opened July 2025, was still pending as of mid-2026. The Section 25D homeowner credit ended for expenditures after 2025; the treatment of residential third-party-ownership platforms depends on Section 48E eligibility and other rules.
The Chinese government’s policy campaign against “involution”: irrational, below-cost competition in overcapacity industries, elevated to a national priority in the 15th Five-Year Plan period. For solar, the campaign works through enforcement against below-cost selling, quality standards and pressure for capacity discipline rather than official price floors; in January 2026 the market regulator SAMR ordered the PV industry association and leading polysilicon producers to stop coordinating prices, output and capacity utilization. Concrete measures include the April 2026 cancellation of the 9% VAT export rebate on solar PV products and government-led symposia involving MIIT, NDRC, SAMR and NEA. Its effect on producer pricing and margins remains uncertain.
The financing structures that monetize US clean-energy tax credits for owners that lack the tax capacity to use them directly. In a tax equity partnership, a tax-paying investor (historically banks and major corporates) takes an ownership stake in a project in exchange for the credits and depreciation benefits; this is the traditional route for project credits such as the Section 48E ITC and Section 45Y PTC. The IRA added transferability, allowing eligible credits to be sold to unrelated buyers for cash; transferability is also how manufacturers commonly monetize Section 45X production credits, which are manufacturing credits rather than project credits. Transfer pricing varies with credit type, tenor, indemnities and seller quality; First Solar’s disclosed 2025 45X credit sales priced around 95 cents on the dollar. Transferability has broadened the buyer pool beyond traditional tax equity and is one way developers and manufacturers can finance growth under the OBBBA-era rules.

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